1,721,252 research outputs found
A Study of LIN ZI-JIN's Life and Works
No full text林子瑾（1878~1956）出身台中，為櫟社、台灣文社重要成員，活躍於1910~1920年代的台灣文化場域。另一方面，他1912年即申請中華民國國籍，1924年後長期旅居中國，經營企業，並與吳佩孚、梁啟超和黃興等人交好，1956年病逝北京。
論知識背景，他具有深厚的漢學背景，又能吸收歐美新知，曾翻譯西方歷史著作，思想兼具傳統與現代特質。在政治取向上，他同時參與台灣文化協會與公益會兩個立場近乎對立的團體，經歷相當特殊。有鑑於林子瑾的文獻資料零散，蒐集不易，本論文盡力從不同管道蒐集，希望透過文獻史料的爬梳整理，勾勒林子瑾的生平事蹟，並透過詩文的探討，理解其作品所呈現的特質與思想演變軌跡，進而將林子瑾放在時代脈絡中觀察，以彰顯其特殊性。
本論文共分五章，分別探討林子瑾的生平、詩歌、雜文與翻譯。探討生平，透過相關史料，爬梳林子瑾的家庭背景，以及於臺灣和中國參與文學、政治、宗教、商業等活動之情形。其次，將林子瑾的詩進行分類，分別討論林子瑾各種主題所透露的思想與價值。最後論述林子瑾的雜文與翻譯，探討林子瑾如何在1920年代面對殖民現代性下，因「漢文將絕於本島」的焦慮，從此開啟建立漢族文化主體的意識，並走向中國認同的道路，而最後林子瑾的中國認同終究幻滅，呈現台灣認同與中國認同的多重糾葛。Lin Zi-Jin was born in 1878 and dead in 1956. He specialized at Sinology and joined many groups like Li Poetry Society, Taiwan Cultural Association, Taiwan Literature Society and so on. He applied for the nationality of the Republic of China and learned English in 1920s. Due to his English ability, He has translated' Germany: Peeps at History' and 'A Short History of Russia' in Chinese. After 1920s, Lin Zi-Jin lived in Beijing, made friends with Wu Pei Fu, Liang Qi Chao, and Huang Xing. In 1956, He passed away in Beijing.
Due to the scattered documents and the historical profiles of Lin Zi-Jin, I organize those documents and profiles and analyze Lin Zi-Jin's life history and his poems, proses and translation works. I try to construct Lin Zi-Jin's life history and the background.
In the chapter of Lin Zi-Jin's life history, I analyze Lin Zi-Jin's family and his relative relationships. Lin Zi-Jin joined many groups and also participated many different kinds of activities in Taiwan and China, like politics, religion, business activities. I try to organize those documents and recreate Lin Zi-Jin's life.
In the chapter of Lin Zi-Jin's poems, I classify his poems by subjects and try to analyze Lin Zi-Jin's poems. Hope to know Lin Zi-Jin's spirit and attitude and further explain Lin Zi-Jin's life.
In the chapter of Lin Zi-Jin's proses and translation works, I analyze how Lin Zi-Jin faced the colonial modernity in 1920's. Colonial modernity made him anxious about his identity. This anxiety makes him try to become a Chinese. However, in the end, Lin Zi-Jin's dream didn't come true. He couldn't be a Chinese, but he showed his subjectivity of Taiwan through his works.目錄
第一章 緒論…………………………...…………………………………1
第一節 研究動機與問題意識……………………………….……………….......1
第二節 研究範圍與研究方法……………………………….……………….......1
第三節 文獻回顧與前行研究……………………………….……………….......2
第四節 論文內容架構概述……..………………………….……………….......10
第二章 林子瑾生平概述…………...………………………................12
第一節 家庭背景……………………………..…………………………………12
第二節在台文學活動……..…….………………………………………….……14
第三節在台商業活動…………………..………………………………………..23
第四節在台宗教與政治活動…………………..…..……………………………26
第五節在中國的相關活動………………………..……………………………..32
第三章 林子瑾詩作探討………………………………………………41
第一節詠史懷古詩…..……………………………………..….………………...41
第二節文人酬唱與詩會吟詠 …………………………..………………………51
第三節時事詩 ……………………………..……………………………………63
第四節詠物詩 ………………………………..…………………………………66
第五節紀遊詩 ………………………………..…………………………………69
第四章 林子瑾雜文與翻譯研究 ……………………………………..74
第一節 漢主體的確立：文言文的不斷書寫………………………….……….74
第二節 尋找大眾：與大眾一起建立漢主體 ……………………….……...…82
第三節 中國認同的幻滅………………………………...……………….……..84
第五章 結論……………………………………………………………89
參考書目與文獻………………………………………………………..90
附錄一 林子瑾生平年表………………………….……………………………94
附錄二 林子瑾家族關係圖……………………….…………………………..120
附錄三 林子瑾人際網絡圖…………………………….……………………..12
LIN, ZI-AN
No full text收集１９８２年２月間發生於本省中部地區之１５個鵝病毒性腸炎自然病例，確定３
５日齡以下幼鵝有高發生率，１○日齡死亡率高達９○％以上，２○日齡時仍有７○
％之死亡率。病鵝呈現極度沈鬱、眼睛潮紅、甩頭縮頸、蹲伏及排黃白色水便等臨床
症狀，主要肉眼病變在小腸纖維素性圓柱團塊物、黏膜面之出血斑及糜爛。組織學檢
查，小腸黏膜絨毛嚴重萎縮，黏膜下層裸露，腺窩上皮細胞壞死、脫落於腺窩腔。病
材乳劑接種於１１日齡鵝胚胎可使胚胎致死，且造成胚胎體表出血及肝臟明顯壞死變
化，接種於３日齡幼鵝則於５日內死亡。電子顯微鏡檢查，可見接種之鵝胚胎尿液有
正二十面體直徑２○∼２２nm的病毒顆粒。另：根據疫情調查顯示本病發生後３個月
內，中部地區共計１４萬隻幼鵝死亡。
螢光抗體之製備，乃收隻經純化病毒數次注射成兔之高度免疫血清，經飽和硫酸銨溶
液數次沈澱析出而得純化免疫球蛋白，並以FITC結合而得特異性螢光抗體。
本病毒於幼鵝之感染途徑及病毒分佈情形之探討，乃將病毒經口及經鼻人工感染於３
日齡幼鵝後，於間隔時間採集腦、肝、心、腎、脾、滑氏囊、氣管、肺、各段小腸、
盲腸及直腸等臟器分別行冷凍組織切片及組織研磨液接種初代鵝胚胎芽細胞，後以自
備螢光抗體直接染色，標示病毒存在之組織器官及位置。經口感染之病毒先在心、肝
及各淋巴組織出現，於感染後第３日再分佈到小腸腺窩上皮細胞而造成臨床症狀及解
剖病變，經鼻感染除了於第１２小時因毒血症而心、肝、脾有病毒出現外，其餘各器
官組織均未發現毒存在，由此推論，本病毒之傳播、感染途徑以經口為主
Micropropagation of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.
No full text本試驗嘗試探討並建立日本女貞其組織培養之微體繁殖體系。初步結果如下：
本試驗以日本女貞之成熟種子為培植體進行培養。將成熟種子先以流水處理24小時，先以1％安其消毒液浸泡20分鐘做表面清潔，再以70％之酒精浸泡5分鐘，最後在5％ NaOCl水溶液（含約0.1％（v/v）Tween20展著劑）中超音波震盪30分鐘，種子可達100％之無污染率。
在器官形成方面：種子與成熟胚植於WPM、1/2MS、MS三種基礎培養基中以WPM對於無菌苗之誘導效果最好。以胚軸為培植體，以WPM為基礎培養基在光照環境下，添加0.5 ppm 之2,4-D培養，可獲得大量淡黃色、鬆軟之癒合組織。以無菌苗之頂芽為培植體，以WPM為基礎培養基在光照環境下，可順利發根。無菌苗之頂芽，在含有0.01 ppm IBA及1 ppm BA 之WPM培養基中，光照環境下可誘導出多芽體。誘導出之多芽體以WPM空白培養基在光度20±5μmol m-2s-1時，抽長效果較好。日本女貞細胞液態培養以0.1 ppm 2,4-D配合10 g/l 蔗糖之WPM培養基最為適當。This study describes the development conditions and the propagation technique by in vitro culture for the Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. The primary results are as follow:
Results of mature seeds culture of Ligustrum japonicum were as follows: mature seeds were first treated with running water for 24 hours, soaked in 1﹪anticeptol solution（Benzel thyonium chloride U.S.P 10﹪(w/v), Allcyl arylpolyther alcohol 10﹪(w/v)）for 20 minutes, then soaked in 70﹪ethanol solution for 5 minutes, then soaked in 5﹪NaOCl（supplemented with 0.1﹪(v/v) Tween 20）and treated with ultrasonic shaker for 30 minutes and the seeds could get the 100﹪non- contamination.
The medium of WPM get the best results to establish sterile plants. Light yellow and soft calli were induced after hypocotyls were cultured on WPM medium containing 0.5 ppm 2,4-D under light containing. Rooting was induced after terminal buds were cultured on WPM medium under light containing. Multiple shoots were induced after terminal buds were cultured on WPM medium containing 0.01 ppm IBA and 1 ppm BA under light containing. Multiple buds when transferred to WPM medium lacking plant growth regulators were promoted to elongate their length of internodes under light intensity of 20±5μmol m-2s-1 light environment. The optimal medium for suspension culture was WPM added with 0.1 ppm 2,4-D and 10g/l sucrose of WPM medium.表目次•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Ⅱ
中文摘要••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Ⅴ
英文摘要••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Ⅵ
縮寫字•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Ⅶ
樹種學名對照••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Ⅷ
壹、 前言••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1.
一、 樹種簡介••••••••••••••••••••••••••1.
二、 研究動機••••••••••••••••••••••••••1.
（一） 植物復育•••••••••••••••••••••••1.
（二） 生藥的應用••••••••••••••••••••••2.
貳、 前人研究••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2.
一、 微體繁殖之定義•••••••••••••••••••••••2.
二、 微體繁殖之階段•••••••••••••••••••••••3.
參、 材料與方法•••••••••••••••••••••••••••7.
一、 材料••••••••••••••••••••••••••••7.
二、 方法••••••••••••••••••••••••••••8.
（一） 培養基••••••••••••••••••••••••8.
（二） 培養環境•••••••••••••••••••••••8.
（三） 試驗項目•••••••••••••••••••••••8.
（四） 統計分析•••••••••••••••••••••••14.
（五） 型態觀察•••••••••••••••••••••••15.
肆、 結果與討論•••••••••••••••••••••••••••15.
一、 種子表面消毒••••••••••••••••••••••••15.
二、 無菌苗的培養••••••••••••••••••••••••17.
三、 癒合組織誘導••••••••••••••••••••••••17.
四、 根之誘導••••••••••••••••••••••••••26.
五、 多芽體誘導•••••••••••••••••••••••••30.
六、 芽體的抽長•••••••••••••••••••••••••31.
七、 懸浮培養••••••••••••••••••••••••••33.
八、 日本女貞對重金屬之忍受度---以銅為例••••••••••••35.
伍、 結論••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••36.
陸、 參考文獻••••••••••••••••••••••••••••37.
柒、 附錄••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••41.
捌、 照片••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••50
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Study of tunable lens based on dielectric elastomer actuator
No full text隨著科技的蓬勃發展，各式元件都朝著低耗能及輕薄短小的趨勢發展。現今
市面上所販售的變焦機制，係利用多個透鏡所組成的透鏡組，並藉由線性馬達及
齒輪組來改變各個透鏡之間的間距，以達到變焦的效果。但是此機制所需求的裝
置空間較大，為了縮減佔有的空間，近年來，便有人發展出了可變焦的透鏡。本
論文運用了介電致動高分子材料來製作可變焦的透鏡，由於介電致動高分子材料
具有良好的力學性質、方便製作、低成本並且不受溫濕度變化的特性。介電致動
器係由兩片平整的電極和一層介電高分子材料所組成，結構就像三明治一樣。它
的驅動特性，會受驅動電壓大小及其幾何尺寸上的限制影響；隨著施加的電壓上
升，因其所受的靜電力增加而使得上下兩電極逐漸靠攏並擠壓中間的介電高分子
材料。然而，在邊界受限制的情況下，被擠壓的介電高分子材料會產生翹曲的情
形，本論文運用此結果作為可變焦透鏡的工作原理。在製程方面，本論文用懸浮
的方式來製作超薄且均勻的聚二甲基矽氧烷(PDMS)薄膜並以食鹽水溶液來作為透
明電極使用。本論文中使用了兩種常見的焦距量測方式來測量可變焦的焦距，實
驗結果顯示本論文中所製作的可變焦透鏡可達到3 mm 的變焦範圍在電壓從0 施加
到900 V 的範圍內。從電流的量測結果可以看出，此介電致動器的能量消耗主要
是用於每一次的變焦，並且只需要持續提供很微量的能量來維持變形量。在600 V
的情況下，電流很穩定，但是在600 V 以上的電流圖就有不規則的突波產生，經
觀察並推測，在大變形量下，金電極表面會有些微的裂紋產生。本論文最後將此
可變焦透鏡安裝於市售筆記型電腦的視訊鏡頭，並得到良好的影像輸出。With the rapid development of science and technology, all kinds of devices are in the trend of becoming thinner, lighter, smaller, and having lower power consumption.
Current mechanism of commercial tunable lenses utilizes multiple lenses of different focal lengths to form a sophisticated optical system. With the linear motor and gears, the focal length can be tuned by changing the spacing between lenses. However, this mechanism needs a larger System volume. In recent years, many efforts have been taken
to develop tunable lens to reduce the system volume. In this thesis, we present a tunable lens which is driven by dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA). DEA has good mechanical
properties, low cost, low power consumption, and is less affected by temperature and humidity. DEA is formed by a layer of dielectric elastomer sandwiched by two
complaint electrodes. The operating characteristics of DEA are dominated by the applied voltage and the geometric configuration. With increasing applied voltage, which
increases electrostatic force, the complaint electrodes of the actuator gradually become closer to each other and the dielectric elastomer is squeezed. Under boundary restrictions, extruded dielectric elastomer will be buckled. This thesis uses this result on tunable lens system. In the process, the release method is used to fabricate thin and
uniform polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane and NaCl solution is used as a transparent electrode. In the experiments, we used two common methods to measure the focal length of our tunable lens system. The experimental results show that the focal length can be tuned by 3 mm by applying voltage from 0 V to 900 V. From the current measurement results, the energy is mainly consumed at the moment of DEA deformation. It only needs little energy to maintain the deformation. When the applied voltage is below 600 V, the current is stable. However, the current has irregular impulses when the applied voltage is over 600 V. By observation and speculation, the gold electrode surface has some defects in large deformation. Finally, we setup our
tunable lens on the webcam of a commercial notebook computer to function and capture clear images
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Paenibacillus campinanesis BL11 xylanase assisted ECF bleaching for hardwood kraft pulp
No full text微生物在各種不同的環境下，有著相當豐富的多樣性。而微生物能產生在高溫或強鹼下具有活性的酵素，這些酵素在工業上有著強大的應用潛力。耐高溫之強鹼木聚醣酶，能協助去除紙漿表面木質素，有效減少氯系漂白劑使用量。本研究針對由漂前黑液中分離之耐高溫強鹼Paenibacillus campinanesis BL11菌株，進行木聚醣酶誘導，以找出生產的最適條件，並將之應用於硫酸鹽闊葉樹紙漿無元素氯漂白製程，以期探討其減少漂白藥劑使用量之效益。
Paenibacillus campinanesis BL11，能生存在pH 11.5之稀釋硫酸鹽紙漿黑液中。且其木聚醣酶在pH 8，溫度60oC環境下，木聚醣酶熱穩定性可達4 小時。基質誘導結果顯示，以1 % 木聚醣 (Birchwood xylan) 與1 % 酵母抽出物(Yeast extract)，溫度37oC，pH 8之液態培養基培養2天能獲得最大酵素活性14.3 IU/ml；為開發廉價生產酵素方式，以不同比例之碳源米殼 (Re husk)、米糠(Rice bran) 與氮源硫酸銨((NH4)2SO4)、尿素(Urea)、大豆粉(Soy bean powder)、玉米浸漬液(Corn steep liquor)進行基質誘導，其中以2 %米殼與0.5 %米糠培養8天也能得到較佳活性12 IU/ml之木聚醣酶。
本試驗進行木聚醣酶輔助無元素氯漂白(OXDED)，分析全漂漿化學紙漿性質，結果顯示氧漂後硫酸鹽紙漿以木聚醣酶處理之最佳條件以pH 8，50oC，活性3 IU/g o.d.p.處理，反應3 小時，能改善黏度與白度。
由分析XDEDD與OXDEDD全漂漿化學性質來看，木聚醣酶處理可以減少二氧化氯使用量，提升紙漿白度與黏度，以氧漂漿提升效果較明顯。於相同白度下，木聚醣酶處理使氧漂前與氧漂後紙漿漂白二氧化氯使用量各降低9.6、14.6 %；黏度分別增加6.0-6.5%、5.6-6.1 %。
就XDEDD與OXDEDD全漂漿物理性質而言，木聚醣酶處理可以改善物理性質，而氧漂前與氧漂後紙漿結果相近。木聚醣酶處理使抗撕指數各增加0-11、0-10 %。破裂指數分別增加0-18、0-26 %，抗張指數各降低0-17、8-21 %。
綜合以上所述，木聚醣酶助漂能在不影響目標白度下，有效減少二氧化氯使用量，並實証微生物多樣性在工業上強大的應用潛力。Microbial diversity is abundant under various environments. Alkaline and thermophilic enzymes from these bacteria are with great potentials for industrial application. Alkali-thermophilic xylanase can assist removing lignin from pulp fiber surfaces and reduce usage of chlorine and related agents. Optimum conditions for xylanase inducement from Paenibacillus campinanesis BL11 was studied by using various conditions and nutrient. Induced xylanase was applied on elemental-chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching for hardwood kraft pulp to investigate its benefit on reducing bleaching agent usage.
Growth of Paenibacillus campinanesis BL11 was observed under diluted black liquor, pH 11.5. Activity of its xylanase remained in pH 8, 60oC for 4 hours. The result showed P. campinanesis BL11 can produce high xylanase activity (14.3IU/ml) under alkaline medium with 1 % birchwood xylan and 1 % yeast extract. To develop a low-cost method for xylanase production, P. campinanesis BL11 was cultivated with various carbon and nitrogen source, including rice husk, rice bran, (NH4)2SO4, urea, soy bean powder and corn steep liquor. Results showed the maximum xylanase activity (12 IU/ml) could be achieved with 2 % rice husk and 0.5% soy bean cultivation.
For the properties of the full-bleached OXDED pulps, it revealed that the optimum treatment condition for oxygen-delignified pulps was 50oC, 3 h, pH 8, dosage 3 IU/g oven dried pulp. After xylanase treatment, lower kappa number, higher brightness and viscosity were achieved for bleached pulps than control groups.
For the properties of both full-bleached XDEDD and OXDDD pulps, it showed xylanase pretreatment could reduce chlorine dioxide usage and improve the pulp brightness and viscosity (significantly observed in the oxygen-delignified pulp). With identical target brightness, XDEDD and OXDEDD sequence make the chlorine dioxide amounts decreased 9.6 %, 14.6 % and increased viscosity by 6.0-6.5, 5.6-6.1 %.
From the chemicals properties of both full-bleached XDEDD and OXDDD pulps, it reveals that xylanase pretreatments could enhance the physical properties of pulps. It make the tear index increase by 0-11, 0-10 % , burst index increase by 0-18,0-26 %, tensile index decreased by 0-17,
8-21 %.
In summary, pretreatment by xylanase from Paenibacillus campinanesis BL11 could significantly reduce the chlorine bleaching chemicals usage without affecting the target brightness of pulps. Its industrial applicability was validated.Index
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Index ………………………………………………………………………….. I
Table index …………………………………………………………………. IV
Figure index …………………………………………………………………. V
中文摘要 …………………………………………………………………… VII
Abstract ........................................................................................................... IX
I Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 1
II Literature reviews ……………………………………………………….. 4
2.1 Potential of Biodiversity utilization …………………………...…….… 4
2.2 Developing of bleaching technology ………………………………….. 5
2.3 Prebleaching with xylanase …………………………………………… 6
2.3.1 Origin of xylanase in bleaching …………………………………... 6
2.3.2 Proposed mechanism of xylanase aided bleaching ……………….. 7
2.3.3 Factors affecting treatment efficiency …………………………... 10
2.3.4 Effect on chemical requirements ………………………………... 11
2.3.5 Effect on pulp properties ………………………………………... 12
2.3.6 Effect on bleaching effluents .…………………………………… 13
III Objectives ……………………………………………………………... 14
IV Material and Methods …………………………………………………. 15
4.1 Strain ..................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Media ……………………………………………………………….... 16
4.3 Cell growth curve ……………………………………………………. 16
4.4 Medium optimization ………………………………………………… 17
4.5 Cultivation pH and temperature ………………………..…………….. 17
4.6 Thermal stability ……………………………………………………... 18
4.7 Enzyme activity …………………………………………..………….. 18
4.8 Pulp sources ………………………………………………………….. 19
4.9 Xylanase pretreatment ……………………………………………….. 20
4.10 Conditions in bleaching …………………………………………...... 21
4.11 Analytical techniques .......................................................................... 24
4.12 Hand sheet properties ………………………………………………. 24
V Results and Discussions …………………………………………...…… 27
5.1 Xylanase production by BL11 ……………………………………….. 27
5.1.1 Growth curve of strain BL11 ……………………………………. 27
5.1.2 Effect of culture temperature and pH conditions ………………... 28
5.1.3 Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources …………………………... 29
5.1.4 Temperature stability of the xylanase …………………..……….. 32
5.2 Effect of xylanase dosage ……………………………………………. 33
5.3 Effect of xylanase treating time …………………………………...…. 34
5.4 Effect of Active chlorine multiple ……………………………….…... 35
5.4.1 Effect of xylanase on viscosity ……………………………..…… 36
5.4.2 Effect of xylanase on kappa number …………………………..... 37
5.4.3 Effect of xylanase on brightness …………………………..…….. 37
5.4.4 Saving of xylanase on chlorine dioxide …………………...…….. 38
5.5 OXDEDD bleaching …………………………………….…....……… 41
5.5.1 Effect on chemical properties of full beached pulp …..…………. 41
5.5.2 Effect on sheet properties of full beached pulp …………....……. 43
5.6 XDEDD bleaching ……………………….…………………...……… 51
5.6.1 Effect on chemical properties of full beached .pulp ………...…... 51
5.6.2 Effect on sheet properties of full beached pulp …………………. 53
VI Conclusions ……...………..……………...………...………....………. 61
VII References ………………………………………….……….......……. 6
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