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Risk management in a private higher education institution: Awareness, attitudes, and practices as bases for the development of a risk management plan
Full text linkAbstract onlyThis study aimed to determine the risk management awareness, attitude, and practices in a private institution of higher learning in Iloilo City as assessed by the employees. It likewise aimed to ascertain whether these variables would relate to one another.
The study employed the survey- co-relational method of research. Formerly known as descriptive research, survey research involves collecting data to test hypotheses or to answer questions about the opinions of people about some topic or issue (Gay & Airasian, 2003). Co-relational research, on the other hand, involves collecting data to determine whether and to what degree a relationship exists between two or more variables (Gay & Airasian, 2003).
The dependent variable was the employees’ assessment of the practices related to risk management in the institution. The independent variables were the employees’ awareness of and attitude towards risk management. Certain personal characteristics-sex, age, educational background, position, years in current position, and years in service were the antecedent variables. As an offshoot of the study, a risk management plan was developed.
The results of the study revealed the following:
1. Generally, the employees were fully aware of risk management in the institution.
2. They generally manifested a very positive attitude towards risk management.
3. The most predominant practices related to risk management as assessed among the participants were: assets (cash, equipment, tools, machinery, software licenses, etc.) are properly safeguarded; only authorized individuals have access on classified/confidential information; and accountabilities are identified.
Least predominant practices related to risk management were: presence of a University Risk Register; presence of a “Risk Champion” or a “Risk Management Leader” in the institution; and trainings are provided to manage risks. Generally, the risk management in the institution was assessed highly practiced among the participants.
4. The participants did not differ significantly in their awareness of risk management when they were classified according to sex, age, educational background, position, years in current position, and years of service.
5. Significant differences existed in the attitude towards risk management among the participants when classified according to educational background. No significant differences existed in the attitude towards risk management among the participants when classified according to sex, age, position, years in current position, and years of service.
6. The participants differed significantly in their assessment of the extent of practices related to risk management when they were classified according to age and years in current position.
No significant differences were noted in the participants’ assessment of the extent of practices related to risk management when they were classified according to sex, educational background, position, and years of service.
7. Positive and significant relationships were noted between the participants’ awareness of risk management and attitude towards risk management; between awareness of risk management and assessment of practices related to risk management; and between attitude towards risk management and assessment of practices related to risk management.
8. As an offshoot of the study, the researcher developed a Risk Management Plan for a private institution of higher learning.
Conclusions
In view of the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The employees in a private institution of higher learning in this research appear to completely comprehend how risks are being managed in the institution. They seem to totally understand how the institution identifies, assesses, and prioritizes risks followed by a coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events.
Perhaps, they are very familiar with the systematic application of management policies, procedures and practices to the tasks of establishing the context, identifying, analyzing, assessing, treating, monitoring, and communicating the key areas of concern or threat, which could bring about negative impact to the institution.
In addition, they tend to understand how the institution highlights areas in which objectives are unclear or fail to link with corporate strategies, improved awareness of risk and control, empowerment of individuals through placing their activities in the context of strategy and risk, designating them as risk owners and by eliminating unnecessary controls, improved compliance with external requirements, and internal policy.
As Isaac (2016) aptly says:
“The cornerstone of risk management is firstly an awareness of what the risks are. The first step in the method is thus sensitizing corporations about hazards to persons, property, the environment, assets, or profits. The risk management process begins when safety becomes an integral part of corporate policy and second nature to management and the workforce. ’’
2. The employees in a private institution of higher learning tend to project a mental state of readiness learned and organized through experience, exerting a specific influence on their response to risk management initiatives of the organization. They seem to precisely affirm the established notion that risk management is an extension of good management practice and maintaining focus on key areas of concern or threat.
Perhaps, they are appreciative of the potential benefits, which include increased focus on the achievement of specific strategies that risk management highlights through the identification of risks/uncertainties, analysis of implications, response to minimize risk, allocation of appropriate contingencies.
3. It seems apparent that risk management practices such as:(1) proper safeguards on assets (cash, equipment, tools, machinery, software licenses, etc.); (2) only authorized individuals have access on classified/confidential information; and (3) identification of accountabilities are most evident in a private institution of higher learning. As Manalo, Madriaga & Abustan (2009) emphasize, risks can come from uncertainty in financial markets, project failures, legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents natural causes and disasters as well as deliberate attacks from an adversary.
However, it was emphasized in the results of the investigation that (a) presence of a University Risk Register; presence of a “Risk Champion” or a “Risk Management Leader” in the institution; and (b) trainings are provided to manage risks are not evident in the institution. Although practices on risk management are evident, it seems rational that the private institution of higher learning should institutionalize risk management.
Perhaps difficulties in implementing risk management could no longer be considered an obstacle or as mental blocks among administrators and employees to circumvent some resistance to change or the inability to coordinate within and across departments in the institution among the stakeholders. Moreover, it can fairly encourage the use of various tools of risk identification and analysis, which require extensive risk management training.
Risk management was assessed highly practiced in a private institution of higher learning among the employees. It appears that the potential benefits that risk management may bring are clear to the employees. As it is, risk management will highlight areas in which objectives are unclear or fail to link with institutional strategies.
4.Sex, age, educational background, position, years in current position, and years of service are factors that do not significantly influence the employees’ awareness of risk management.
In other words, regardless of whether one is a male or a female; 40 years old and less or over 40 years old; doctorate, master’s, or bachelor’s degree holders, or with high school or elementary diploma; an administrator, a manager, a supervisor, a faculty, or a staff; had 5 years and less, 6-15 years, or16-25 years stint in current position; or had 5 years and less, 6-15 years,16-25 years, or over 25 years in service to the institution, one’s awareness of risk management remain comparable.
5. Educational background is a factor found to significantly influence one’s attitude towards risk management. As noted in the study, those with elementary diploma had significantly lower mean attitude score compared with those with doctorate, master’s and bachelor’s degrees and high school diploma.
It seems to imply that one’s mental state of readiness learned and organized through experience, exerts a specific influence on one’s response to people, objects, and situations with which it is related, is a product of one’s education, as in the case of risk management. As Ivancevich and Matteson (2002) explain, attitudes are determinants of behavior because they are linked with perceptions, personality, feelings, and motivation which may have been brought to fore through learning. Hence, it can be construed that the higher one’s education is, the more one can relate to certain institutional strategy as exemplified by risk management in this research.
Sex, age, position, years in current position, and years of service are factors that do not significantly influence the employees’ awareness of risk management.
In other words, regardless of whether one is a male or a female; 40 years old and less or over 40 years old; an administrator, a manager, a supervisor, a faculty, or a staff; had 5 years and less, 6-15 years, or16-25 years stint in current position; had 5 years and less, 6-15 years, 16-25 years, or over 25 years in service to the institution, one’s attitude towards risk management remain comparable.
6. Age and years in current position are factors found to significantly influence one’s assessment of the extent of practices related to risk management. In terms of age, it was revealed that younger employees (40 years old and less) had higher assessment of the extent of practices related to risk management compared with their older (over 40 years old) counterparts. These young people tend to appreciate the mechanics or the actual application of risk management in the institution.
As to years in current position, it was revealed that those with 6-15 years stint in their current position had significantly lower assessment of the extent of practices related to risk management compared with those with 5 years and less. Complacency due to longer exposure to their designated tasks somehow creates an attitude of “all is well”. This means that being steadfast, left alone in the mindset is that anything could happen even if it is not expected. As the saying goes, “for every undertaking one undertakes, it is always coupled with a risk.” Besides, most often than not, these are calculated risks.
On the part of those with shorter stint in their positions, their being new seems to justify their curiosity of the world around them. As such, they tend to give the benefit of their doubts.
Sex, age, educational background, position, and years of service are factors found not to significantly influence the employees’ awareness of risk management.
Hence, regardless of whether one is a male or a female; a doctorate, master’s, or bachelor’s degree holders, or with high school or elementary diploma; an administrator, a manager, a supervisor, a faculty, or a staff; had 5 years and less, 6-15 years, or16-25 years stint in current position; had 5 years and less, 6-15 years, 16-25 years, or over 25 years in service to the institution, one’s attitude towards risk management remain comparable.
7. The participants’ awareness of, attitude towards and assessment of practices related to risk management were positively and significantly related. Perhaps it is safe to say that one’s assessment of practices related to risk management could be a product of one’s awareness of and attitude towards risk. As the theory of reasons action (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980) explain, people are rational and will make predictable decisions in specific circumstances. They often rationally think about the consequences of their behavior prior to acting and their intention to perform a certain action is the primary determinant of their action.
Likewise, the systems theory tells us that the activity of any segment of an organization affects, in varying degrees, the activity of every other segment. Following this argument, it appears that, risk management in a private educational instruction or any institution for that matter could be understood in terms employees’ identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events.
8. It appears that risk management is one of the most essential components of an organization, like a private higher education institution in this research. With the Risk Management Plan, the institution can forge a systematic application of management policies, procedures and practices to the tasks of establishing the context, identifying, analyzing, assessing, treating, monitoring, and communicating the key areas of concern or threat, which could bring about negative impact to the institution.
Perhaps, the institution can now link risk management with corporate strategies. As a matter of reference, at Kent University, risk management is an extension of good management practice and maintains focus on key areas of concern that pose as threats to the institution.
With the Risk Management Plan, strategic initiatives will highlight increased awareness of risk and control by empowerment of individuals through placing their activities in the context of strategy and risk. Designating risk owners to eliminate unnecessary controls; improved compliance with external requirements and internal policy; increased assurance that there are ‘no surprises’; and greater institutional awareness of the benefits of safe risk taking seem imperative.
Recommendations
In view of the findings and conclusions, the researcher recommends the following:
1. Informed of the findings, higher education institutions can refer to the findings to design their own institutional risk management plan. This will enable them to evaluate the risks based on the probability that the risk events will occur and the potential loss associated with the events-by developing an understanding of which potential risks have the greatest possibility of occurring and can have the greatest negative impact on the institution.
The researcher recommends few essential items to be included in a risk management plan. These include a list of individual risks, a rating of each risk based on likelihood and impact, an assessment of current controls, and a plan of action.
Building on the identification of the risks, educational institutions should see to it that each risk event is analyzed to determine the likelihood of occurring and the potential cost if it did occur. The Risk Management Plan, therefore, should integrate the development of alternative plans to respond to the occurrence of a risk event.
2. The administrators and heads of units of a private institution of higher learning considered in this research should take cognizance of the importance of the move to institutionalize risk management. By promoting a risk aware culture within the institution, the researcher recommends that, the administrators or heads of units should consider the following as identified by Isaac (2017). These are: (a) inclusion of knowledge of risk management issues as one of the selection criterion when recruiting staff; (b) form a safety committee that reviews complaints, accidents, injuries and other safety incidents; (c)conduct risk audits and involving as many people as possible in the organization in the risk auditing process; (d) stage workshops on risk management (preferably with an expert in risk management present); (e) display posters that promote safety and risk management around the organization’s premises; (f) benchmarking - learning about "best practice" from other organizations that have implemented risk management; and (g) sending organization personnel to attend industry seminars on risk management.
3. Employees of a private institution of higher learning are encouraged to participate on management-sponsored risk management training. The main purpose of the training is to raise basic awareness of risk management concepts and mechanisms, to enable the employees to identify and manage risks in their own units and to strengthen management operations through adequate forward planning of potential risks.
The suggested topics should include but not limited to understanding the institution’s approach to risk management; understand how risk management affects decision-making in the institution; conduct a risk analysis by drawing up a risk profile and using a risk matrix; identify risks/uncertainties to achieving a set of objectives and expected results; prioritize uncertainties; and decide how to act on the uncertainties within the framework of organizational planning.
4. Future researchers may refer to the findings as their guide in research endeavors concerning institutional risk management. They may undertake studies to analyze the impact of risk management on good governance and recognizing and managing risks through effective knowledge management. They may likewise endeavor to study how organizations manage internal risks strategic, programmatic, operational operations/business process, management and information, organizational/general administration, human capital/people risks, integrity, information technology, and financial; and external risks impinging upon institutional functioning-political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal or regulatory, environmental, and security.
5. The UNESCO’s Risk Management Handbook (2010) provides that; “The organization can be successful only if risks are anticipated; carefully measured and adequately managed against set objectives.” Educational institutions, therefore, may adapt the Risk Management Plan prepared by the researcher. The Plan provides an entry point and basis for managing risks effectively in an institution, more specifically for a private institution of higher learning.Includes bibliographical referencesDoctor of Management major in Business Managemen
Intrapreneurship and Business Performance among Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the Philippines
Full text linkThis study aimed to evaluate the intrapreneurship and business performance of micro, small, and medium enterprises in Iloilo City, Philippines. Intrapreneurship includes new business ventures, innovation, self-renewal, and proactiveness. Business performance includesfinancial and market performance . Survey data we re collected from 162 enterprise owners or managers from industries such as manufacturing, wholesale, retail trade and repair services, accommodation/food services, financial and insurance services, and others. The results confirm a positive correlation between intrapreneurship and business performance. A significant difference was detected in the level of innovativeness when enterprises were grouped according to their business type. The majority of the enterprises were operating for between 5 and 14 years, mostly micro enterprises and sole proprietorships. Marketing and operations activities were highly practiced by the enterprises. Support from other entities was rated the highest in comparison with partnerships with academe and government support. The highest mean score for proactiveness indicates a high level of intrapreneurship. Medium enterprises and those operating for 45 or more years have very high market performance. To encourage an intrapreneurship culture within the organization, where creativity and innovation can be fostered to enhance business performance, an efficient and effective intrapreneurship program is recommended
Factors associated with tardiness of non-teaching personnel of Central Philippine University
Full text linkAbstract onlyThe study was conducted to determine the factors associated with tardiness such as: age, sex, civil status, income, nature of work, household size, educational attainment and length of service of the non-teaching personnel of Central Philippine University in the School Year 2001-2002. The study involves 152 non-teaching personnel of Central Philippine University. Questionnaires were used in gathering the data that were made solely for the purpose. The study used the descriptive method. The data gathered were encoded using the Statistical Package for Social Science software. For descriptive purposes, percentages, means and other measures of central tendency were used. Cramer’s V coefficient of association was utilized for relational analysis. It was found out that sex, income, nature of work & educational attainment have substantial correlation with the number of times a non-teaching personnel had been late in reporting to work.TextIncludes bibliographical referencesMaster in Business Administratio
The conversion of DOH-retained Western Visayas Medical Center into a government owned and controlled corporate (GOCC) hospital: Its financial viability and sustainability as perceived by the hospital department heads
Full text linkIntroduction and statement of the problemBackground of the Study
Medical staff or health service providers and clients or health service recipients of the Western Visayas Medical Center may not share the same perceptions concerning the advantages and disadvantages of hospital corporatization. This may create a problem in the present move to convert WVMC to a government owned and controlled corporate (GOCC) hospital.
The common notion about the DOH - retained Western Visayas Medical Center being a government hospital is its humane nature and thus, its inherent characteristics of being competent, caring and culture friendly health service provider. However, there are some apprehensions that upon its conversion into a government owned and controlled corporate (GOCC) hospital, the inevitable shift in its primary focus from being a health service provider into an income generating corporate entity, would certainly result in the loss of its humane nature to the detriment of its clientele.
Certain sectors, however, claimed that these apprehensions have no reasonable basis. They argued that corporatization is in fact a strategy that would ensure the preservation of the right of the people to health services. Past experiences have shown that the DOH - retained Western Visayas Medical Center has been constrained to fulfill its humane mission due to their inadequate financial condition.
This financial inadequacy has been attributed to various reasons. First, it lacks access to other sources of funds. Second, the operations of the DOH - retained WVMC are solely dependent on government subsidies, which are oftentimes inadequate to meet its needs. Third, its only source of revenue to augment its finances is the minimal fees charged for some medical services yet they are criticized by patients mostly indigents, who believed that they are entitled to free services and medicines. Fourth, the DOH - retained WVMC is subject to government regulations, which require that all revenues should be remitted immediately to the national treasury. Fifth, only part of the revenues remitted to the national treasury could be released back to the WVMC due to some restriction. The use of its revenues is only possible after complying a complete cycle of remittance to the national treasury and request from the Department of Budget and Management (DBM).
A corporatized Western Visayas Medical Center is immune from the aforementioned constraining factors, thus it could effectively and efficiently fulfill its humane mission to ensure the preservation of the people’s right to health services.
Basing on the report of the Task Force on Hospital Corporatization (2000), it could be safe to state that a corporatized Western Visayas Medical Center will be financially viable and sustainable. This financial viability and sustainability is due to the following reasons: First, corporatization opens up the government hospital to more sources of funds, making them more independent on government subsidy. Second, it will provide government hospital more financial latitude in addressing and prioritizing its needs.
Third, all the income will revert back automatically to the hospital for the improvement of the quality of services including the treatment of indigent patients, which would not be possible in DOH - retained hospital with its restricted use of its revenue. Fourth, it gives the hospital greater managerial and fiscal autonomy.
The financial viability and sustainability of a corporatized Western Visayas Medical Center has been assumed considering the hypothetical bases mentioned above. There is a need therefore to confirm this assumption based on the perceptions of knowledgeable people regarding this matter. This study, was thus, conceived to find out how the hospital heads of Western Visayas Medical Center perceived the conversion of the hospital into a government owned and controlled corporate (GOCC) hospital in terms of its financial viability and sustainability.
General Objective
The main objective of the research was to determine the perception of hospital department heads on the conversion of DOH - retained Western Visayas Medical Center to a government owned and controlled corporate hospital in terms of its financial viability and sustainability.
Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the study were as follows:
1. What are the perceptions of the WVMC department heads on the financial viability and sustainability of this DOH - retained hospital when converted to a government owned and controlled corporate hospital when these hospital department heads are taken as an entire group and when they are classified according to their sex, age, civil status, salary graded and monthly salary?
2. Do the sex, age, civil status salary grade and monthly salary of Western Visayas Medical Center hospital department heads significantly influence their perception on the financial viability and sustainability of the DOH - retained WVMC when converted to a government owned and controlled corporate hospital?Includes bibliographical referencesMaster in Business Managemen
The native hito: A study on the marketability of native catfish in restaurants in Jaro, Iloilo City
Full text linkAbstract onlyThe Asian catfish (clarias macrosephalous) lost its way in the market and waters of Iloilo when the imported catfish was introduced in the country. The most prominent of which was the African catfish, which is currently sold in the market.
The provincial government of Iloilo and the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) created the Native Catfish Rehabilitation Project to bring the native catfish back to the farms and rivers of Iloilo.
The study was conducted to determine the marketability of native catfish in restaurants in Jaro, Iloilo City. The one shot survey was used in the study. A preconstructed questionnaire was given to the participants of the study. The participants were either the manager or owner of the DTI and non-DTI registered restaurants in Jaro.
The result of the survey revealed that there is a demand for native catfish in restaurants in Jaro. However, the respondents found the price of the native catfish expensive and may not be affordable for their clients. Recommendations for research in this area of study center on the cost and supply management, including the joint efforts of individuals in bringing back the native hito.Includes bibliographical referencesMaster in Business Administratio
Investment preferences of RCBC Savings Bank clients in La Paz Branch, Iloilo City
Full text linkIntroduction and statement of the problemBackground of the Study
RCBC Savings Bank is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation and a member of the Yuchengco Group of Companies by Ambassador Alfonso Yuchengco, Sr. It has a total branch network of 110 branches nationwide, the second largest among thrift banks in the country, with two branches in Iloilo City located in Jalandoni, and La Paz.
The bank’s clients come from all levels of society. Investment in banks are perceived by most as the best way to earn through high interest rates. But then, some are not fully aware of other services being offered. As the word “savings” as part of the bank’s name, they would say they can only open savings and checking account. This is a misconception. The bank offers almost the same products and services as that of commercial banks.
People really hold on their money. Others would say that it is their “hard-earned” money. They make sure the money they invest would give them high returns. So they put it on time deposit and other term accounts. Since they are that so particular about their investments, they sometimes transfer them to other banks that has better offer in terms of location, customer service, interest rates, etc. - such is a strategy being played in the industry.
The economy faced the devaluation of the Philippine currency, clients rushed to the bank for fear of losing their money doubting on the bank’s stability, thus, fear they might not recover their investments.
Since then, they are now as keen as before. Some of them rather keep their money in their homes rather in banks. But still others think otherwise. Investment in RCBC Savings Bank favors them.
Even now the economy is not as stable as before that the banking system is partly affected by the current political crisis, people don’t know how to invest their money in banks. They want to earn more, “but is it safe?” This is one the many questions being asked by some clients. Others tend to be confused which investment would yield them more.
Investments are evaluated in relation to their expected return and risk. Risk is defined as the deviation of the actual return from that which was expected. There is a presence of risk for those who invest in long-term placements. When interest rates are expected to fall significantly, most would prefer investing in long-term maturities.
Investments would be merely a means of balancing present against future consumption. Not knowing what lies ahead, investors are unable to plan lifetime consumption patterns with certainty. Because the returns from investment and the timing of those returns are uncertain, they compensate for the lack of certainty by requiring an expected return sufficiently high to offset it (Van Home, 1996).
This study will answer the problems both the bank and the clients are encountering today.
Statement of the Problem
“What are the investment preferences of the RCBC Savings Bank clients in La Paz branch, Iloilo City?”
The rationale behind this study is to know what are the clients' investment preferences in the bank’s product or service such as the Peso and Dollar Time Deposit, Prime Savings Account, and the Pamilyaman Savings Account.
Objectives of the Study
Generally, this study intends to know the investment preferences of the RCBC Savings Bank clients in Iloilo City.
Specifically, this study intends to:
1. Classify the bank’s clients according to their age, income, educational attainment, and sex.
2. Determine the depositors’ investment preferences when they are grouped according to age, income, educational attainment, and sex and when they are taken as a whole.
3. Determine whether or not there is a significant difference in the investment preferences of the bank’s clients when they were taken as an entire group and when they were classified according to age, income, educational attainment, and sex and their investment practices.Includes bibliographical referencesMaster in Business Managemen
The credit card syndrome: Nature and extent of exposure among bank employees in Iloilo City
Full text linkAbstract onlyCredit card exposure is common to most, if not all bank employees in Iloilo City. Since the introduction of this financial service, bank employees were amongst the first to avail of it. It has since become a prerogative for every individual. It has become a way of life in the banking industry.
The issue of credit card exposure has been studied among many industries. In the US, a Concurrent Resolution passed in May 1999, by the 47th Oklahoma State Legislature, called for Oklahoma’s public colleges and universities to include consumer credit education programs as a part of new student orientation. The resolution indicates that, given the extent to which credit cards are now easily available to students, more college students appear to have significant financial debt (Synovate Public Sector Research Group, 2004).
In the Philippines, however, studies on these issues are still limited because of the predominance of unregistered or what we commonly called “underground” economies. In the US, credit card is a very basic necessity. Most of the routine transactions use credit card facility for convenience and safety.
In the Philippines, credit card exposure is still on its younger stage. Due also to economic reasons, much of the transactions here are still being paid in cash. Credit card facility is available only to a few who can afford it and are qualified to possess it.
The primary objectives of this research was to determine the characteristics of the respondents; the nature and extent of card exposure; and whether the nature and extent of credit card exposure vary according to the characteristics of bank employees in Iloilo City. Data were randomly selected from 88 respondents using a self-administered questionnaire. Data processing utilized the useful tools provided by the Statistical Package Software System or S.P.S.S.
Findings showed that the majority of the respondents were female aging from 20 to 25 and with two children on the average. Most of the respondents have two to five years average with the company they were working for.
Most of the respondents own one or two credit cards. These cards were obtained mostly as a matter of company policy - a privilege. Majority also possess Visa or Mastercard only. Within this spectrum, credit card limits do not exceed 50, 000 pesos.
Credit card exposure has indeed significant influence on the spending habits of the respondents as manifested by their frequent use of its facility to acquire goods or services. Most of the items bought include both basic and luxury goods and services. However, the problem arose when the cards were used indiscriminately, as credit card debts are starting to arise to levels that are not manageable anymore. Although the study indicated that the subjects have not yet reached that level, the researcher recommends that these issues should be considered seriously.
These findings, however, are limited to small sector. Hence, the result of the research may not be indicative of the case of credit cardholders from other industries aside from banking.Includes bibliographical referencesMaster in Business Administratio
Needs and preferences on tutorial services among third and fourth year students of selected secondary schools in Iloilo City
Full text linkAbstract onlyThis descriptive study aims to determine the needs and preferences for tutorial services among third and fourth year students of selected private secondary schools in Iloilo City. A sample of 265 students from the 3 rd and 4th year from three selected reputable secondary schools registered and recognized by the Department of Education (DepEd), Iloilo City Division were used in the study.
The study revealed that there were sixty-four students or nearly one-fourth of the respondents who would like to avail of tutorial services'. There were fifty-one students or nearly four-fifths (79.69 percent) who currently have tutor but, who are still willing to change or transfer to another tutorial service provider. It is necessary for business to determine preferences of students and develop attractive strategies to entice possible market for those students who are planning to change tutors. Among the respondents, there were 76 (37.81 percent) students who don’t have a tutor and are willing to avail of tutorial services who want to avail. They may not be the majority, but they are potential business clients for tutorial services. These implies that: 1) There is sustaining need for the for the 64 students who are currently availing of tutorial services, 2) attraction for those who wants to transfer, 3) business prospects for the 76 who want to avail of the tutorial services.
The subjects which most students find difficulties are Math and Science- related. Nearly three-fourths (71 percent) want to avail of tutorial services in order to get higher grades, more than 10 percent (12.02 percent) because of other reasons and nearly 10 percent (8.68 percent) to avoid bad influence or bad circle of friends. Nearly two-fifths (36.58 percent) of the students don’t want to avail of tutorial services because of no budget or their parents can’t afford to pay for tutorial services, followed by more than thirty percent (32.93 percent) don’t need a tutor and the rest 30.49 percent have other reasons. Nearly one-fourth (24.15 percent) of the students presently have tutors. Nearly four-fifths (79.69 percent) of the students would like to transfer to a new tutorial services. Nearly two-fifths (37.81 percent) of the students who presently don’t have a tutor but willing to avail of tutorial services.
Students prefer to study with younger tutors aging below 35 years old, who can understand and relate to their youthfulness. Students prefer female tutors than male tutors might be of their motherly, kind, and nurturing approaches which they find more comfortable. Parents in varying income levels can afford to pay for tutorial fees of their children as long as they want it. Most students want to study with tutors at a maximum of two hours daily so as not to make them bored with the subject area and give them time to pursue other worthwhile activities. English is still a dynamic language mostly preferred in tutorial services even though they have dialect in local areas where students are residing. Most of the students want to avail of tutorial services from 6:00 P.M. - 9:00 P.M. or after their classes from their respective schools. Nearly two-fifths (38.11 percent) of the respondents wanted to have a tutor.
As to variation of preferences as to the gender of students, the study revealed that as to type of tutorial services, male students preferred face to face tutorial services followed by home tutorial services while female students preferred home tutorial, followed by face to face. On-line services do not attract both gender. Both gender preferred to have female tutors. Both gender preferred to have younger tutors. The preferred frequency of tutorial services by female respondents was twice a week, followed by thrice a week or more, and the least preferred was every day. Both gender preferred evening schedule for tutorial services, followed by afternoon schedule and the least preferred is morning schedule. Both gender, preferred English as their medium of instruction during their tutorial services and closely followed by either Tagalog-English or Hiligaynon and the least preferred was Filipino. Both sexes again have the same preference as to the number of hours to spend with the tutors which is two hours.
As to variation of preferences when grouped according to age of students, the study revealed that regardless of age of the respondents, the most preferred is home service, followed by face to face tutorial services. Regardless of the age of students, majority preferred female tutors. Regardless of the age of student, majority preferred to study with younger tutors while those aging from 17 years old preferred to study with older tutors. Regardless of age, most students do not want to study with a tutor every day. The preference is twice a week and thrice a week. Majority of the student regardless of age prefer to study with tutor during night time followed by the afternoon schedules because most of the secondary students have their classes in the morning until afternoon and so their available time to study with a tutor is only after their classes. English is the most preferred language for medium of instruction of students regardless of their age. The preference of those students belonging to age 15 and above in terms of number of hours with the tutor is one to two hours, while those students belonging to age bracket 14, their preference is three hours or more.
As to the variation of preferences of students when grouped according to their home location, the study showed that respondents living within the city and outside, preferred first home service and followed by face to face service. Students living outside the city highly favored male tutors, while students living within the city preferred female tutors. Both respondents living outside and inside the city preferred to have younger tutors. Both groups preferred to avail of tutorial services twice a week, followed by thrice a week, with every day as the least favored. Highly preferred time by both groups is evening schedule. Both groups highly preferred English as a medium of instruction and followed by Tagalog-English with Filipino as the least preferred. Both groups regardless of home location have highly preferred one to two hours number of hours for tutorial services.
As to variation of preference of students when grouped according to the income bracket of parents, all groups preferred home service, followed by face to face. Regardless of the income bracket of parents, students preferred female tutors because they might be more understanding, patient and nurturing to their students. Younger tutors aging below 35 years old were more preferred by the students. Regardless of income bracket, students preferred to have tutorial services for twice a week, followed by thrice a week and the least preferred was every day. Regardless of the income bracket of the parents of the students, most students preferred to study with tutors during night time. Most number of students whose parent’s earning falls on the brackets less than P20,000 to P50,000 preferred English as medium of instructions , while those students falling under the highest bracket preferred Tagalog-English as the medium of instructions. Regardless of the income bracket of the parents, the most preferred number of hours to study with tutors is two hours while those belonging to the lowest income group preferred more than three or more hours with the tutors.Includes bibliographical referencesMaster in Business Administratio
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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