34 research outputs found
Present Status and Future Prospects of Agricultural Machinery Research and Industry in Taiwan
No full textModel Pergerakan Produksi Biodiesel (B100) Melalui Pendekatan Modifikasi Fuzzy Time Series Metode Huarng, Lee, dan Li
Get PDFBiodiesel sebagai energi alternatif merupakan solusi untuk menggantikan bahan bakar fosil karena pasokannya yang tidak akan habis dan ramah lingkungan. Oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukan peramalan produksi biodiesel B100 untuk mendukung menajemen dalam pengembalian keputusan dan mencegah kerugian biaya produksi. Metode peramalan yang dapat digunakan dalam meramalkan data time series produksi biodiesel B100 Amerika Serikat adalah dengan menggunakan metode fuzzy time series Huarng, fuzzy time series Lee, fuzzy time series Li, dan modifikasi fuzzy time series metode Huarng, Lee, dan Li. Hasil peramalan kemudian diukur tingkat akurasinya menggunakan MAPE, MAE, dan RMSE. Dengan fuzzy time series Huarng diperoleh nilai MAPE 4,75%, nilai MAE 7,09, dan nilai RMSE 8,23. Dengan metode fuzzy time series Lee diperoleh nilai MAPE 1,74%, nilai MAE 2,62 dan nilai RSME 2,99. Dengan metode fuzzy time series Li diperoleh nilai MAPE 2,58%, nilai MAE 3,84 dan nilai RSME 2,99. Dengan modifikasi fuzzy time series metode Huarng, Lee, dan Li diperoleh nilai MAPE 1,38%, nilai MAE 2,1 dan nilai RSME 2,45. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dapat dibuktikan modifikasi fuzzy time series metode Huarng, Lee, dan Li adalah metode terbaik untuk meramalkan produksi biodiesel B100 Amerika Serikat
(65(2):146-153)A Study on Applying Micro-Fog Chiller Blowing System in the Open Roof Greenhouse
No full text本研究以開頂溫室為對象，利用低溫微霧機進行蒸發冷卻的降溫試驗，以評估低溫微霧機的降溫效益。傳統鼓風式噴霧降溫系統，利用擾流風扇搭配常溫細霧、噴霧量及環境內濕度之影響，在無法降低水霧溫度的情況下，使溫室設施內的降溫效果不彰。因此，本研究利用低溫微霧降溫系統，以100 kgf cm-2 壓力噴出10℃低溫微霧，利用熱氣上升冷氣下降原理，將高溫、高濕的氣體透過溫室上方開頂機構排出設施外，讓溫室內溫濕度能有效控制及改善，達到降溫效果。試驗結果顯示，在12:00，室外氣溫為28.2℃，則對照組 (ORG1) 溫室在無任何降溫設備控制之下，受到太陽輻射而產生的熱累積量來到最大，為當日最高溫39.8℃，相較於試驗組 (ORG2) 溫室在低溫微霧降溫系統的作用下，當時溫度為22.2℃，濕度為72.8%，其降溫幅度達15℃以上，且狀態變化平穩。顯示開啟低溫微霧降溫系統後，可大幅度降低溫室內的溫度。
This study used an open-roof greenhouse to evaluate the evaporative cooling efficiency of a micro-fog chiller blowing system in the open roof greenhouse. A traditional blowing sprayer cooling system uses turbulent fan with room temperature fog/mist sprayer coordinated with the control of spraying amount and relative humidity to cool down temperature inside a greenhouse. Due to the lack of ability to reduce temperature of the fog, the cooling efficiency inside the greenhouse is not so effective. Therefore, a micro-fog chiller blowing system by spraying 10℃ micro-fog at 100 kgf cm-2 pressure has been setup and applied for this purpose. The opened roof enabled the hot humid air to rise and exhaust from the top openings of the greenhouse, whereas the cold dry air was blowing through side wall openings for cooling down temperature and lowering relative humidity inside the greenhouse. It resulted in excellent cooling effect. Experimental results showed that when the outdoor temperature was 28.2℃ at 12:00, the greenhouse (ORG1) without installing the cooling system would cumulate the radiant heat to the maximum extent and increased temperature up to 39.8℃ during daytime. On the other hand, the greenhouse installed with a micro-fog chiller blowing system (ORG2) had its temperature to 22.2℃ with relative humidity of 72.8%. The cooling effect reached more than 15℃ in temperature reduction and could keep it up in a steady state. Results suggest that the microfog chiller blowing system is capable of reducing temperature inside the greenhouse effectively
Greenhouse Structural Technology with Disease and Pest Control Function
No full text溫室係利用各種材料所建構的栽培設施，藉以改善作物生長環境，增加產量或提高品質。設施的目地在於防風防雨，並為阻擋害蟲進入溫室以及防範病害發生，因此，設施之搭建強度至為重要。而目前設施搭建的工程水準參差不齊，溫室搭建業者皆以過往經驗作為選用材料以及慣用工法來施工，時常發生倒塌或塑膠布及防蟲網破損問題，亦因此引發病蟲害等相關問題。為改善上述問題，則應對於溫室結構之抗風性進行學理探討、調查分析設施損壞原因，且運用結構力學分析與有限元素分析方法，進行結構強度模擬分析，以設計更佳的溫室結構。於本年度，本研究團隊針對溫室結構強度進行分析研究，已完成耐受10 級強風之加強型簡易溫網室之結構設計圖並完成結構強度模擬分析。本項成果，可提供農民參考，以搭建更強健的溫室，並確保其防範病蟲害的功能。
Various materials were used to construct a greenhouse facility for crop cultivation to improve the growth environment, increase production or improve quality. The purpose of the facility is to prevent wind and rain, and to prevent disease and pests from entering the greenhouse. Therefore, to build a sturdy greenhouse is very important. At present, the facility construction level is different, some construction contractors built greenhouses based on the rule of thumb to choose materials and practices, and in some cases caused the collapse of the greenhouses or damage of plastic films and thus leads to presence of pests and diseases. To improve the above-mentioned problem, we should investigate the cause of the damage and design a wind resistant greenhouse structure. The structural mechanics analysis and numerical simulations with the finite element method can be applied to solve the construction strength problems and to design a better greenhouse structure. During the year, our research team conducted a study on greenhouse strength topics. We have completed the structural design and strength simulation analysis of the greenhouses that can withstand the pressure generated by force 10 gusty winds on Beaufort wind scale. The results can help farmers build strong greenhouses and keep the function of reducing pests and diseases
(54(2):113-122)A Study on Mume Cracking Machine
No full text為突破脆梅浸漬加工過程中費時費工之原料青梅壓裂作業瓶頸，以降低生產成本、嘉惠農民而研發脆梅壓裂機。一粒青梅於壓裂過程中之彈性係數可高達12,340kg/m，壓裂所需力量最高值達50.9kg，平均值亦有39.6kg，本機設計可一次壓裂5粒青梅，故壓裂機構必需產生極大力量。製作脆梅時先將六、七分熟之青梅混合粗鹽後放入滾筒中攪拌約10min，處理後果肉已稍微軟化且表皮上之纖毛已經脫去，此時再進行壓裂作業。本機經5次作業性能試驗結果顯示，脆梅壓裂機平均每小時作業量為140kg，約為人工作業量的10倍，而壓裂之果實外觀受到壓擠板間隙之影響頗大，為顧及脆梅之品質，建議於作業前先將梅子依粒徑大小分級，以求得較佳的壓裂效果並提升脆梅之品質。The bottleneck operation in the pickling process of mume fruit is to make a rift on the fruit. The main goal of the study is to develop a machine for mume fruit cracking before pickling with sugar for making crispy mume. The development of the machine will also lower the processing cost hence increasing the revenue of the crispy mume manufacturer as well as the growers. Experimental results showed that the elastic constant of a fruit during compression test could be as high as 12,340 kg/m. The maximum force needed to crack a mume was 50.9 kg and the average force of the 15 mume fruits was 39.6 kg with a standard deviation of 6.2 kg. The machine was designed to crack 5 fruits in a stroke; therefore, the mechanism must be designed to generate the required force. We have developed a prototype machine for mume cracking purpose. The first process in making pickled mume before cracking is to mix the fresh mume with the crude salt in a wood or metal container and then revolve for about 10 minutes. This process will remove the cilia on the skin surface of the mume fruit and also make the mume a little bit softer. The average capacity of the cracking machine in five runs is about 140 kg/hr which is about 10 times larger than that of a manual operation. The cracking quality was determined by the gap between the two parallel plates in which the mume was depressed. To gain better quality in cracking, it is suggested that the mume fruits should be sorted according to their size
(64(3):196-203)A Study on Microwave Condensation Drying of Shiitake Mushroom
No full text本研究目的旨在研發一套以時序控制之香菇微波冷凝乾燥系統。利用香菇乾燥特性，配合熱風、微波與冷凝等不同的乾燥方式，在不同的乾燥階段給予不同的乾燥條件，以確保乾燥品質並節省香菇乾燥時間與成本。以本研究開發之微波冷凝乾燥設備進行香菇乾燥試驗，並以香菇之溼基含水率13% 為目標值。若欲達到此目標含水率，則熱風乾燥溫度設定50℃時，需作用24 h，使用電能89.8 度；加入時序控制後，四段式熱風乾燥須20 h，消耗電能74.9 度；若在與熱風乾燥相同操作條件下配合微波技術，則只需7 h，使用能源為28.5 度；如果同時使用微波與冷凝技術，亦只需7 h，使用能源為78 度。依據試驗結果得知，本計畫所研發具備時序控制功能之微波冷凝乾燥設備，可根據不同乾燥階段，改變乾燥策略，有效控制乾燥品質並節省人力；而微波乾燥比熱風乾燥可節省7 成以上之乾燥時間。
The purpose of this study was to establish a sequence controlled microwave condensation drying system for shiitake mushroom drying. The utilization of hot air, microwave and/or condensation drying method in different drying periods coordinated with the drying characteristics of the shiitake mushroom will ensure the drying quality of the product as well as time saving and cost. The drying experiment of the microwave condensation dryer with only the hot air set at 50℃ took 24 h to bring moisture level down to 13% and consumed 89.8 kWh electric power. If the sequence control was implemented, the four-stage hot air drying took 20 h to dry the shiitake mushroom to 13% moisture content and consumed 74.9 kWh electric power. If the hot air was set at 50℃ with the microwave, the drying time was reduced to 7 h and consumed 28.5 kWh electric power. If the 50℃ hot air accompanied by microwave and condensation, the drying time was 7 h but the electric energy consumption was 74.9 kWh. The experiment showed that the sequence controlled microwave condensation dryer developed in the research could adjust shiitake mushroom drying strategy in different drying periods to maintain the product quality and save the labor cost and drying time up to 70%
(43(4):439-452)彈性球體振體之研究
No full textA theoretical analysis of the vibration of an elastic sphere in spherical coordinates using the scalar and vector potential equations by the separation of variables method leads to the solutions of the trigonmetric equation, the Legendre equation and the Bessel equation. The associated Legendre polynomials of the first kind govern the mode shapes of vibration while the spherical Bessel functions of the first kind lead to the non-dimensional frequencies of the vibration modes The simplest vibration modes of a homogeneous elastic sphere are the pure compressional modes and the pure shear modes. The procedures to solve the non-dimensional frequencies for some cases of both the pure compressional modes and the pure shear modes are illustrated in the contents. Although, the solutions for the cases of the mixed modes of vibration are too complicated to be solved analytically, a different approach method published by Lamb in 1882 are included. A table for the non-dimensional frequencies of the mixed class vibration obtained numerically with a computer program for Poisson′s ratio; ν; equals to 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4, given by Cooke and Rand are also included for quick reference.
在球體座標系中，利用常量及向量方程式代入之分離變數法於理論上分析彈性球體之振動可以得到三角幾何方程式、雷詹德方程式及白賽爾方程式等三種方程式。其中之第一類雷詹德聯合方程式主宰振動模式，而第一類球體座標白賽爾方程式則可導出該振動模式之無次元頻率。一個均質彈性球體最簡單之振動模式為純壓縮模式及純剪切模式。本文中闡釋純壓縮模式及純剪切模式中在某些情況與條件下之無次元頻率之解析方法。雖然各種混合振動模式之無次元頻率之解答因為過於複雜以致於無法使用理論分析而必須借重電子計算機以數值方法計算以求取近似值，但文中仍然列入了由藍姆（Lamb）於1882年所發表之解析方法以及庫克（Cooke）與藍德（Rand）二人利用電子計算機以數值分析法計算所得到溥松比（Poisson′s ratio）之值分別為0.1，0.2，0.3及0.4等條件下之無次元頻率的數值供值參考
(42(3):327-335)A Study on the Modulus of Elasticity Decaying Model for Apples
No full text本試驗利用諧振頻率、質量及密度等參數計算出蘋果之彈性模數，並將紅蘋果（Red Delicious Apple）儲藏於溫度維持20°C，相對濕度維持90％之控制環境室中，以每三天測量聲波反應並利用FFT分析以求得諧振頻率後再予轉換成彈性模數之方式研究彈性模數隨時間變化之模式。由實驗得到之結果顯示，其彈性模數隨時間之變化關係為指數式的，其時間常數，k值，約介於0.08至0.20之間。而由諧振頻率所計算之彈性模數與由模式所計算而得之彈性模數間之線性相關（R2）為0.907～0.998，證明紅蘋果於貯藏過程中彈性模數之衰退過程為指數式的（exponential）。
Resonant frequencies as well as mass, density and Poisson′s ratio have been used as parameters to obtain the modulus of elasticity of Red Delicious Apples in this study. The apples were immediately stored in a controlled atmosphere room with temperature maintained at 20°C and relative humidity at 90% right afetr being picked from trees. The apples were tested for its acoustic spectrum responses in every three-day interval. A FORTRAN FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) was applied to analyze the frequency content of each spectrum. The study showed that the modulus of elasticity decayed with time exponentially. The time constant, k, is approximately between 0.08 and 0.20. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the linear regression between the modulus of elasticity obtained from the resonant frequencies and that from the model is between 0.907 and 0.997. This gives a strong evidence that the exponentially decaying model for Red Delicious Apples are appropriate
(49(2):88-93)A Study on the Sunki Seeds and Flesh Separator
No full text本試驗之主旨為研發一部酸桔果肉與種子分離機。本省客家人習慣於食用白煮豬肉時以酸桔醬調味以增添風味。而製作酸桔醬過程中最費時者為分離果囊中之種子。依據調查結果，每人分離1公斤酸桔果肉中之種子平均需時12分鐘。為解決此瓶頸，已經初步完成酸桔果肉與種子分離機。本機之長為1,010mm，高為900 mm 而寬度則為510 mm。主要包括（1）擠壓器：擠壓果囊使其破裂而易於分離果肉與種子。其構造為將市售之絞肉機加以改良，並配合酸桔種子之大小，以鐵板製成21個直徑9.2mm小孔之擠出盤；而為減低種子在擠出過程中損傷而被滾筒捲入與果肉混合，故將擠入端之圓柱孔外圍予以圓角處理。（2）分離滾筒組：主要結構為由二支長度為450 mm，直徑為100 mm之圓柱形不銹鋼滾筒組成，其中一支滾筒上有螺旋狀軋花突起以推送種子，並分離擠壓後之果肉與種子。初步試驗結果，該機具有每小時處理100公斤酸桔之作業能力，為人工之20倍。The objective of this research is to develop a machine to separate the sunki seeds from the flesh for sunki sauce production. The Hakka people on Taiwan like to use sunki sauce with cooked pork for flavor and taste. One of the production procedures is to remove the seeds from the flesh, which is very time consuming. To separate seeds from 1 kg sunki fruits takes a regular worker 12 minutes. In order to overcome this bottleneck procedure in the sunki sauce production, a separation machine was developed. The dimension of the machine is 1010 mm in length, 900 mm in height and 510 mm in width. It is composed of two parts. The crushing device squeezes the seeds from the sunki segments. The separating device separates the seeds from the flesh. The squeezing plate of a meat grinder is modified to crush sunki fruits. In order to minimize the risk of breaking the seeds during squeezing operation, the corners of the inlet holes in plate were ground to become round shaped. The stainless steel rollers are 450 mm in length and 100 mm in diameter. One of the rollers has a spiral on it for pushing the separated seeds forward to the collection chute. The machine is capable of treating 100 kg Sunki fruits per hour. It is about 20 times faster as compared to a regular human labor
(64(3): 189-195)A Study on Heat Pump Condensation Drying System
No full text國際能源價格持續上漲聲中，節能及提升能源效率已成為焦點。熱泵吸取空氣中或水體中的熱能，經過vapor-compression refrigeration cycle 之蒸發、壓縮、冷凝及膨脹等過程，將熱能由較低處移往較高處，效率高又節能。因此，使用熱泵取代柴油或瓦斯以節省能源支出，已使熱泵成為熱門之工具。熱泵系統運轉時同步產生冷氣及熱氣，因此其能源效率極高，依介質區分型式為空氣對水與水對水2 種，本研究使用水對水熱泵系統。利用其產生之熱氣乾燥農產品及冷氣凝結乾燥過程中產生的水蒸氣，此乾燥方式可使農產品呈現良好色澤，除了提升乾燥農產品品質外，也提升能源利用效率，為節能減碳的有效利用方式。本所設置完成之熱泵系統冷凝乾燥機，經熱交換器交換後之乾燥熱風溫度可達65℃，冷水溫度達到12℃，總能源效率 (COP)值達到3.6 以上。
As the energy prices continue to hike internationally, energy saving and efficiency improving will become the focal issues. Heat pumps absorb heat in the ambient air or water through the evaporation, compression and expansion process of the Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle. It transfers the heat energy in an opposite direction of spontaneous heat flow. The heat pump system is energy efficient and saves a lot of energy. The application of heat pumps has become a hot tool to replace the diesel or gas burner in order to save energy costs effectively. The operation of a heat pump system transfers heat from one place to another. It can provide both heat and cold water simultaneously with proper device. Therefore, it operates with high energy efficiency. According to the source that a heat pump absorbs heat from and the destination it flows heat to, the heat pumps can be categorized into air-water heat pumps and water-water heat pumps. A water-water heat pump system was adopted in this study. The application of its hot air in drying agricultural products and cold air in condensing water vapor generated in the drying process allows agricultural products using this drying method showing good color. In addition to improve the drying quality of agricultural products, it also promotes energy efficiency. It is an effective way to save energy and reduce carbon emission. The heat pump condensing dryer set up in Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) can provide 65℃ hot air for drying through the heat exchanger and the cold water temperature reaches as low as 12℃. The estimated total energy efficiency of the system (COP) is higher than 3.6
