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Trois essais en économie de l'intégration sociale en contexte urbain
No full textThis dissertation consists in three essays with complementary approaches on the economics of social integration in an urban setting. The first essay analyzes the emergence of ethno-cultural hierarchies in a multi-cultural context, typical of nowadays large metropolises. This emergence is studied using an evolutionary game theory model according to which, in a society, a common hierarchy view emerges from a multitude of independent interactions between members of the different ethno-cultural groups. The originality of the model lies in the featuring of several minorities and hierarchical views (i.e. multi-group and multi-strategy model) and in the reciprocal effects that minorities may have on each others' social statuses. These effects allow to explain the non-linear relationship between a minority's size and its status suggested by the empirical literature, as well as the complex impacts of a new minority's arrival on the other minorities. The evolutionary process implies that the adopted ethno-cultural hierarchy is, in most cases, too inegalitarian and thus economically inefficient. The second essay presents an urban economics model adapted to the sub-Saharan African city context where land ownership is often informal and uncertain and where land transactions are often hampered by important information asymmetries between buyers and sellers. The model allows to theoretically study the impact of two institutions aimed at reducing transaction uncertainty. The first one consists in a formal land registration system administered by the government, the second is a traditional social trust norm that links specific social groups. This model is, to the best of our knowledge, the first one to study the effects of a social norm on the functioning of an urban housing market and the urban structure. It shows that the land registration system is more efficient than the traditional trust norm if registration costs are limited, but also that the two institutions are partly substitutable. The model predicts that, with the gradual decrease of registration costs, land registration will progressively replace social trust norms in the future.Eventually, the third essay consists in an econometric analysis of a large urban renewal program launched in France in 2003 for the renovation of 600 deprived neighborhoods (i.e. the « Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine », PNRU). In order to avoid possible biases linked with heterogeneities in the program's effects across neighborhoods and across time periods, we rely on the very novel DID_M estimator developed by De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (forthcoming) and complement its results with a more traditional difference-in-differences estimation. Our results suggest that the program had non-significant and, in any case, very limited effects (i.e. smaller than 3.5%) on housing prices in renovated neighborhoods. The program's effects on transaction volumes are also non-significant. However, the program led to a sizable upward evolution in the socio-professional status of housing buyers as compared to sellers, suggesting some improvement in the attractivity of renovated neighborhoods.Cette thèse se compose de trois essais aux approches complémentaires portant sur l'économie de l'intégration sociale en milieu urbain. Le premier essai analyse l'émergence de hiérarchies ethno-culturelles dans un contexte multi-culturel, typique des grandes métropoles actuelles. Cette émergence est étudiée au moyen d'un modèle de théorie des jeux évolutionnaires selon lequel une vision hiérarchique commune émerge, dans une société, à partir d'une multitude d'interactions indépendantes entre membres des différents groupes ethno-culturels en présence. L'originalité du modèle proposé tient à l'inclusion de plusieurs minorités et conceptions hiérarchiques (i.e. modèle multi-groupes et multi-stratégies) et à la prise en compte des effets réciproques que plusieurs minorités peuvent avoir sur les statuts sociaux des autres. Ces effets permettent d'expliquer la relation non-linéaire entre taille d'une minorité et statut social suggérée par la littérature empirique, ainsi que les effets complexes de l'arrivée d'une nouvelle minorité sur les autres minorités. Le processus évolutionnaire étudié suggère que la hiérarchie ethno-culturelle adoptée est, dans la plupart des cas, économiquement sous-efficace car trop inégalitaire. Le deuxième essai présente un modèle d'économie urbaine adapté au contexte des villes d'Afrique sub-Saharienne où la propriété foncière est souvent informelle et incertaine et où les transactions foncières sont souvent entravées par d'importantes asymétries d'information entre acheteurs et vendeurs. Le modèle permet d'étudier théoriquement l'impact de deux institutions visant à réduire l'incertitude liée aux transactions. La première consiste en un système d'enregistrement formel des terrains dans un cadastre géré par l'administration, la deuxième en une norme sociale traditionnelle de confiance liant certains groupes sociaux. Le modèle qui est, à notre connaissance, le premier à étudier l'effet d'une norme sociale sur le fonctionnement d'un marché immobilier urbain et la structure urbaine, montre que le système d'enregistrement est plus efficace que la norme sociale si les coûts d'enregistrements sont limités, mais que les deux institutions sont en partie substituables. Il prédit que l'enregistrement des terrains remplacera progressivement les normes traditionnelles de confiance dans le futur, à mesure que les coûts d'enregistrement décroîtront.Enfin, le troisième essai consiste en une analyse économétrique des effets du Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine (PNRU), lancé en France en 2003 pour la rénovation de 600 quartiers défavorisés. Afin d'éviter certains biais liés à l'hétérogénéité des effets du programme entre les différents quartiers et entre les différentes périodes temporelles, nous mobilisons le tout récent estimateur DID_M développé par De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (forthcoming) et complémentons ses résultats par une plus traditionnelle estimation de différences-de-différences. Nos résultats indiquent que le programme a eu des effets non-significatifs et, de toute façon, très limités (moins de 3.5%) sur les prix immobiliers dans les quartiers rénovés. Les effets sur les volumes de transactions sont aussi non significatifs. Toutefois, le programme a engendré une sensible évolution à la hausse du profil socio-professionnel des acheteurs de logement par rapport aux vendeurs, suggérant une certaine amélioration de l'attractivité des quartiers rénovés
The Economics of innate rewards
No full textInternational audienceIn the present paper, I propose to decompose decision utility into two fundamental sources of value, namely innate rewards (which humans innately experience because they used to provide humans with an evolutionary advantage, e.g. when eating sugary or fatty and thus nourishing food, when having positive social interactions...) and purely constructed values (which rely on a complex cognitive model of the world and how it should be according to the individual). I argue that (1) it allows to shed new light on a large range of economic behaviors and (2) to identify new sources of economic inefficiency in the typical intertemporal Social Welfare criteria, linked with the nowadays wide discrepancy between the innate rewards elicited by actions and these actions' desirability in the perspective of Humanity survival, as well as to the excessive role played by innate rewards in decision making in general. (3) I argue that the typical trade-offs implied by Welfare criteria, between present and future utility or present utility and Humanity extinction risk, could be strongly attenuated by the adoption of new types of policy measures aimed at (3.a) shaping the goods' and purchase situations' characteristics associated with innate rewards, so that behaviors maximizing the decision utility also minimize the Humanity extinction risk and (3.b) reducing the role of innate rewards with respect to purely constructed values in typical day-to-day economic decisions. (4) I briefly describe how such policy measures could be operationalized in practice
Why can't we be friends? An evolutionary approach to ethno-cultural hierarchies
No full textLEG 2021 - Learning, Evolution and Games Conference 2021, Conférence en virtuel, , 01-/09/2021 - 02/09/2021The share of ethno-cultural minorities is growing in world metropolises, thereby affecting inter-group relationships and altering ethno-cultural hierarchies. Some empirical studies have documented a positive impact of group size on group status, while some find no effect and others a negative one (i.e. a "cultural backlash"). In this paper, I propose a multi-group and multi-strategy evolutionary coordination game, which allows to explain the contrasted effects that an ethno-cultural minority's size may have on its social status, and on the status of other minorities, hinging on the interplay between several ethno-cultural minorities' interests. Additionally, this model (1) sheds new light on the sources of "asymmetrical homophily" between ethno-cultural groups, (2) proposes an explanation for the phenomena of fragmentation and fusion between several minorities and (3) predicts that societies with small ethno-cultural minorities will tend to converge to inegalitarian hierarchy views, which empirical studies suggest to be economically under-efficient. The model's long-term equilibrium of ethno-cultural hierarchy views is corroborated by an exploratory empirical test based on the Ethnic Power Relations database. From the methodological point of view, this paper provides a directly applicable procedure for the theoretical resolution of parametric multi-group and multi-strategy evolutionary games, allowing for potentially very interesting applications in other socio-economic contexts
The Economics of innate rewards
No full textInternational audienceIn the present paper, I propose to decompose decision utility into two fundamental sources of value, namely innate rewards (which humans innately experience because they used to provide humans with an evolutionary advantage, e.g. when eating sugary or fatty and thus nourishing food, when having positive social interactions...) and purely constructed values (which rely on a complex cognitive model of the world and how it should be according to the individual). I argue that (1) it allows to shed new light on a large range of economic behaviors and (2) to identify new sources of economic inefficiency in the typical intertemporal Social Welfare criteria, linked with the nowadays wide discrepancy between the innate rewards elicited by actions and these actions' desirability in the perspective of Humanity survival, as well as to the excessive role played by innate rewards in decision making in general. (3) I argue that the typical trade-offs implied by Welfare criteria, between present and future utility or present utility and Humanity extinction risk, could be strongly attenuated by the adoption of new types of policy measures aimed at (3.a) shaping the goods' and purchase situations' characteristics associated with innate rewards, so that behaviors maximizing the decision utility also minimize the Humanity extinction risk and (3.b) reducing the role of innate rewards with respect to purely constructed values in typical day-to-day economic decisions. (4) I briefly describe how such policy measures could be operationalized in practice
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Economics of innate rewards
No full textInternational audienceIn the present paper, I propose to decompose decision utility into two fundamental sources of value, namely innate rewards (which humans innately experience because they used to provide humans with an evolutionary advantage, e.g. when eating sugary or fatty and thus nourishing food, when having positive social interactions...) and purely constructed values (which rely on a complex cognitive model of the world and how it should be according to the individual). I argue that (1) it allows to shed new light on a large range of economic behaviors and (2) to identify new sources of economic inefficiency in the typical intertemporal Social Welfare criteria, linked with the nowadays wide discrepancy between the innate rewards elicited by actions and these actions' desirability in the perspective of Humanity survival, as well as to the excessive role played by innate rewards in decision making in general. (3) I argue that the typical trade-offs implied by Welfare criteria, between present and future utility or present utility and Humanity extinction risk, could be strongly attenuated by the adoption of new types of policy measures aimed at (3.a) shaping the goods' and purchase situations' characteristics associated with innate rewards, so that behaviors maximizing the decision utility also minimize the Humanity extinction risk and (3.b) reducing the role of innate rewards with respect to purely constructed values in typical day-to-day economic decisions. (4) I briefly describe how such policy measures could be operationalized in practice
Why can't we be friends? An evolutionary approach to ethno-cultural hierarchies
No full textLEG 2021 - Learning, Evolution and Games Conference 2021, Conférence en virtuel, , 01-/09/2021 - 02/09/2021The share of ethno-cultural minorities is growing in world metropolises, thereby affecting inter-group relationships and altering ethno-cultural hierarchies. Some empirical studies have documented a positive impact of group size on group status, while some find no effect and others a negative one (i.e. a "cultural backlash"). In this paper, I propose a multi-group and multi-strategy evolutionary coordination game, which allows to explain the contrasted effects that an ethno-cultural minority's size may have on its social status, and on the status of other minorities, hinging on the interplay between several ethno-cultural minorities' interests. Additionally, this model (1) sheds new light on the sources of "asymmetrical homophily" between ethno-cultural groups, (2) proposes an explanation for the phenomena of fragmentation and fusion between several minorities and (3) predicts that societies with small ethno-cultural minorities will tend to converge to inegalitarian hierarchy views, which empirical studies suggest to be economically under-efficient. The model's long-term equilibrium of ethno-cultural hierarchy views is corroborated by an exploratory empirical test based on the Ethnic Power Relations database. From the methodological point of view, this paper provides a directly applicable procedure for the theoretical resolution of parametric multi-group and multi-strategy evolutionary games, allowing for potentially very interesting applications in other socio-economic contexts
Trois essais en économie de l'intégration sociale en contexte urbain
No full textThis dissertation consists in three essays with complementary approaches on the economics of social integration in an urban setting. The first essay analyzes the emergence of ethno-cultural hierarchies in a multi-cultural context, typical of nowadays large metropolises. This emergence is studied using an evolutionary game theory model according to which, in a society, a common hierarchy view emerges from a multitude of independent interactions between members of the different ethno-cultural groups. The originality of the model lies in the featuring of several minorities and hierarchical views (i.e. multi-group and multi-strategy model) and in the reciprocal effects that minorities may have on each others' social statuses. These effects allow to explain the non-linear relationship between a minority's size and its status suggested by the empirical literature, as well as the complex impacts of a new minority's arrival on the other minorities. The evolutionary process implies that the adopted ethno-cultural hierarchy is, in most cases, too inegalitarian and thus economically inefficient. The second essay presents an urban economics model adapted to the sub-Saharan African city context where land ownership is often informal and uncertain and where land transactions are often hampered by important information asymmetries between buyers and sellers. The model allows to theoretically study the impact of two institutions aimed at reducing transaction uncertainty. The first one consists in a formal land registration system administered by the government, the second is a traditional social trust norm that links specific social groups. This model is, to the best of our knowledge, the first one to study the effects of a social norm on the functioning of an urban housing market and the urban structure. It shows that the land registration system is more efficient than the traditional trust norm if registration costs are limited, but also that the two institutions are partly substitutable. The model predicts that, with the gradual decrease of registration costs, land registration will progressively replace social trust norms in the future.Eventually, the third essay consists in an econometric analysis of a large urban renewal program launched in France in 2003 for the renovation of 600 deprived neighborhoods (i.e. the « Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine », PNRU). In order to avoid possible biases linked with heterogeneities in the program's effects across neighborhoods and across time periods, we rely on the very novel DID_M estimator developed by De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (forthcoming) and complement its results with a more traditional difference-in-differences estimation. Our results suggest that the program had non-significant and, in any case, very limited effects (i.e. smaller than 3.5%) on housing prices in renovated neighborhoods. The program's effects on transaction volumes are also non-significant. However, the program led to a sizable upward evolution in the socio-professional status of housing buyers as compared to sellers, suggesting some improvement in the attractivity of renovated neighborhoods.Cette thèse se compose de trois essais aux approches complémentaires portant sur l'économie de l'intégration sociale en milieu urbain. Le premier essai analyse l'émergence de hiérarchies ethno-culturelles dans un contexte multi-culturel, typique des grandes métropoles actuelles. Cette émergence est étudiée au moyen d'un modèle de théorie des jeux évolutionnaires selon lequel une vision hiérarchique commune émerge, dans une société, à partir d'une multitude d'interactions indépendantes entre membres des différents groupes ethno-culturels en présence. L'originalité du modèle proposé tient à l'inclusion de plusieurs minorités et conceptions hiérarchiques (i.e. modèle multi-groupes et multi-stratégies) et à la prise en compte des effets réciproques que plusieurs minorités peuvent avoir sur les statuts sociaux des autres. Ces effets permettent d'expliquer la relation non-linéaire entre taille d'une minorité et statut social suggérée par la littérature empirique, ainsi que les effets complexes de l'arrivée d'une nouvelle minorité sur les autres minorités. Le processus évolutionnaire étudié suggère que la hiérarchie ethno-culturelle adoptée est, dans la plupart des cas, économiquement sous-efficace car trop inégalitaire. Le deuxième essai présente un modèle d'économie urbaine adapté au contexte des villes d'Afrique sub-Saharienne où la propriété foncière est souvent informelle et incertaine et où les transactions foncières sont souvent entravées par d'importantes asymétries d'information entre acheteurs et vendeurs. Le modèle permet d'étudier théoriquement l'impact de deux institutions visant à réduire l'incertitude liée aux transactions. La première consiste en un système d'enregistrement formel des terrains dans un cadastre géré par l'administration, la deuxième en une norme sociale traditionnelle de confiance liant certains groupes sociaux. Le modèle qui est, à notre connaissance, le premier à étudier l'effet d'une norme sociale sur le fonctionnement d'un marché immobilier urbain et la structure urbaine, montre que le système d'enregistrement est plus efficace que la norme sociale si les coûts d'enregistrements sont limités, mais que les deux institutions sont en partie substituables. Il prédit que l'enregistrement des terrains remplacera progressivement les normes traditionnelles de confiance dans le futur, à mesure que les coûts d'enregistrement décroîtront.Enfin, le troisième essai consiste en une analyse économétrique des effets du Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine (PNRU), lancé en France en 2003 pour la rénovation de 600 quartiers défavorisés. Afin d'éviter certains biais liés à l'hétérogénéité des effets du programme entre les différents quartiers et entre les différentes périodes temporelles, nous mobilisons le tout récent estimateur DID_M développé par De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (forthcoming) et complémentons ses résultats par une plus traditionnelle estimation de différences-de-différences. Nos résultats indiquent que le programme a eu des effets non-significatifs et, de toute façon, très limités (moins de 3.5%) sur les prix immobiliers dans les quartiers rénovés. Les effets sur les volumes de transactions sont aussi non significatifs. Toutefois, le programme a engendré une sensible évolution à la hausse du profil socio-professionnel des acheteurs de logement par rapport aux vendeurs, suggérant une certaine amélioration de l'attractivité des quartiers rénovés
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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