105,139 research outputs found
Understanding the Mark: Race, Stigma, and Equality in Context
No full textIn its Fourteenth Amendment jurisprudence, the Supreme Court regards intentional discrimination as the principal source of racial injury in the United States. In this Article, R.A. Lenhardt argues that racial stigma, not intentional discrimination, constitutes the main source of racial harm and that courts must take the social science insight that most racialized conduct or thought is unconscious, rather than intentional, into account in their constitutional analyses of acts or policies challenged on the grounds of race. Drawing on the social science work of Erving Goffman and the ground-breaking work of Charles H. Lawrence, Professor Lenhardt argues that courts should reframe the constitutional inquiry to account for the risk or evidence of stigmatic harm to racial minorities. Professor Lenhardt explains that stigmatic harm occurs when a given act or policy sends the message that racial difference renders a person or a group inferior to Whites, the category constructed as the racial norm. This stigma imposes what Professor Lenhardt calls citizenship harms, which prevent members of racial minorities from participating fully in society in a variety of contexts. Professor Lenhardt proposes a four-part test to determine whether an act or policy--whether it is intentionally race based or carries a disparate racial impact--imposes a significant risk of stigmatic harm such that it should be subject to strict scrutiny. First, courts should examine the specific historical origins of the constitutional provision they are being asked to interpret. Second, they should consider the socio-historical context of the challenged act or policy. Third, they should evaluate the current context of the act or policy, *804 including consideration of a possible disparate impact on members of racial minorites. Finally, courts should consider the probable future effects of the act or policy in terms of its likely citizenship effects on members of racial minorities. Professor Lenhardt argues that, while the use of this test will not eliminate racial harms altogether, it will enable courts and policymakers to engage in a disciplined and systematic analysis of racial harm which will ultimately provide the basis for more effective means of addressing racial stigma and persistent racial inequalities in the United States
Making human-machine interfaces more brain-adequate
No full textRitter H, Kaper M, Lenhardt A, Ontrup J. Making human-machine interfaces more brain-adequate. In: 3rd International Conference on Brain-Inspired Information Technology - BrainIT 2006. Vol 1301. Hibikino: Elsevier; 2006: 15-21
A Brain-Computer Interface for robotic arm control
No full textLenhardt A. A Brain-Computer Interface for robotic arm control. Bielefeld: Universität Bielefeld; 2011.Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) are tools that open a new channel of communication between humans and machines.
The majority of human input devices for computers require proper functioning of our primary sensors and motor
functions like grasping, moving and visual perception. In the case of severe motor disabilities, like amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (ALS) or spinal chord injury (SCI),
The most common method to measure brain activity suitable for BCI are electroencephalographic measurements (EEG)
due to their relative cost effectiveness and ease of use. Alternative ways to extract brain signals exist but
either require invasive procedures, i.e. opening the skull, or are very costly and bulky (MEG, fMRI)
which renders them unusable for home appliance.
One of the most popular brain controlled input methods is the P300-Speller paradigm
which gives the user control over a virtual keyboard to enter text. The term P300 refers to a specific EEG component
that can be measured whenever a rare task relevant stimulus is interspersed with many non-relevant stimuli. This method requires
the ability to control the visual presentation of stimuli and therefore also requires some sort of computer controlled display.
The recognition rates for this type of BCI, yet already quite high with roughly 80-90% accuracy,
are still prone to errors and may not be suitable for critical applications like issuing movement commands to a wheelchair
in a highly populated environment. Commands to stop the wheelchair might be recognized too late.
Further, it is impossible with the standard stimulus matrix to react to external influences like obstacles or select physical objects
in a scene which does not allow the user to interact with a dynamic environment.
This work aims to fuse state of the art BCI techniques into one single system to control an artificial actuator
like a robot arm and use it to manipulate the physical environment. To achieve this goal, multiple techniques originating
from different fields of research as augmented reality, computer vision, psychology, machine learning and data mining have
to be combined to form a robust, intuitively to use input device
Kontroversen um den Leistungskatalog der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung
No full textGerlinger T, Lenhardt U, Stegmüller K. Kontroversen um den Leistungskatalog der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung. In: Deppe H-U, Burkhardt W, eds. Solidarische Gesundheitspolitik. Alternativen zu Privatisierung und Zwei-Klassen-Medizin. Hamburg: VSA; 2002: 87-103
Arbeitsschutz zwischen supranationaler und betrieblicher Regulierung
No full textGerlinger T, Lenhardt U, Stegmüller K. Arbeitsschutz zwischen supranationaler und betrieblicher Regulierung. In: Bieling H-J, Dörre K, Steinhilber J, Urban H-J, eds. Flexibler Kapitalismus. Analyse, Kritik und politische Praxis. Frank Deppe zum 60. Geburtstag. Hamburg: VSA; 2001: 177-192
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
Contribution of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Country’S H-Index
No full textThe aim of this study is to examine the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development on country’s scientific ranking as measured by H-index. Moreover, this study applies ICT development sub-indices including ICT Use, ICT Access and ICT skill to find the distinct effect of these sub-indices on country’s H-index. To this purpose, required data for the panel of 14 Middle East countries over the period 1995 to 2009 is collected. Findings of the current study show that ICT development increases the H-index of the sample countries. The results also indicate that ICT Use and ICT Skill sub-indices positively contribute to higher H-index but the effect of ICT access on country’s H-index is not clear
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