31 research outputs found
Privatisation of the hospital order treatment after §§ 63, 64 StGB, § 7 JGG and the duties after §§ 81, 126a StPO - shown with the help of the Brandenburg model
No full textObwohl Privatisierung in den letzten Jahren und Jahrzehnten ein Kernthema nicht nur der rechtswissenschaftlichen Debatte gewesen ist, wurde der Bereich der Privatisierung des Maßregelvollzugs nach §§ 63, 64 StGB, § 7 JGG sowie der Aufgaben nach §§ 81, 126a StPO insoweit vernachlässigt. Vor dem Hintergrund hauptsächlich fiskalischer Erwägungen und den Möglichkeiten einer Flucht aus dem Beamten- und dem Haushaltsrecht geraten zunehmend auch solche Bereiche in den Blickpunkt von Privatisierungsüberlegungen, die bisher selbstverständlich dem Bereich staatlicher Tätigkeit zugerechnet werden. Der Staat versteht sich zunehmend als Gewährleistungsstaat, der staatliche Aufgaben nicht mehr eigenhändig erfüllt, sondern sich hierfür der Leistung Dritter bedient. Bislang wurden der Maßregelvollzug nach §§ 63, 64 StGB und § 7 JGG sowie die Unterbringung zur Beobachtung des Beschuldigten nach § 81 StPO und die einstweilige Unterbringung nach § 126a StPO durch den Staat in den (staatlichen) Landeskliniken vollzogen. Auf der im Jahr 2004 eingeführten Rechtsgrundlage des § 36 Abs. 3 S. 2 und S. 5 BbgPsychKG entwickelte das Land Brandenburg ein Modell, um die Durchführung der genannten Aufgaben zu privatisieren, und gliederte die Landeskliniken im Jahr 2006 aus der Landesverwaltung aus. Der Autor untersucht die verfassungsrechtliche Zulässigkeit dieses Privatisierungsvorhabens in formeller und materieller Hinsicht. Eine Besonderheit der Veröffentlichung besteht darin, dass die Arbeit konkrete Aussagen zur Ausgestaltung des Regel-Ausnahme-Verhältnisses des Funktionsvorbehalts nach Art. 33 Abs. 4 GG enthält. Daran fehlte es bislang. Daneben untersucht der Autor einfachgesetzliche Grenzen für Privatisierungen des Maßregellzugs nach §§ 63, 64 StGB, § 7 JGG und der Aufgaben nach §§ 81, 126a StPO sowie solche Privatisierungsgrenzen, die sich aus internationalen Menschenrechtsstandards ergeben.Although privatisation has been a main subject not only the legal-scientific debate during the last years and decades, the area of the privatisation of the hospital order treatment after §§ 63, 64 StGB, § 7 JGG and the duties after §§ 81, 126a StPO was neglected in this respect. Before the background of primarily fiscal considerations and the possibilities of an escape from the official's right and the budgetary right, such areas get increasingly also in the point of view of the privatisation considerations which are added up to now of course to the area of state activity. The state gets on increasingly as a guarantee state which does not fulfil state duties any more own-handed, but for this of the achievement third helps himself. Up to now the hospital order treatment after §§ 63, 64 StGB and § 7 JGG as well as the accommodation to the observation of the culprit after § 81 StPO and the temporary accommodation after § 126a StPO were carried out by the state in the (state) land medical centres. On the legal basis § 36 paragraph 3 p. 2 and p. 5 BbgPsychKG, introduced in 2004, the State of Brandenburg developed a model to privatise the realisation of the called duties, and separated the land medical centres in 2006 from the land management. The author examines the constitutional-juridical admissibility of this privatisation plan in formal and material regard. A specific feature of the publication consists in it, that the work concrete statements to the arrangement of the control exception relation of the functional reservation after article 33 paragraphs 4 GG contains enough. There was not this up to now. Besides the author examines easy-legal borders for privatisations of the hospital order treatment after §§ 63, 64 StGB, § 7 JGG and the duties after §§ 81, 126a StPO as well as such privatisation borders which arise from international standards of human rights
Analisis Bibliometric Penelitian Sanitasi (Sanitation Research Bibliometric Analysis)
No full textArtikel ini merupakan analisis bibliometrik atas artikel yang diperoleh dari laman science direct yang membahas tentang sanitation dengan menggunakan vosviewer. Tujuan analisis bibliometrik diarahkan untuk mengetahui perkembangan kajian terkait sanitation. Secara spesifik kajian ini melihat perkembangan pertumbuhan publikasi, sebaran publikasi, variable keywords, dan kolaborasi author di tahun 2016-2021. Data dikumpulkan dari database science direct dengan menggunakan kata kunci “sanitation”. Selanjutnya penulis menggunakan software vosviewer untuk menganalisis dan menvisualisasikan database yang diperoleh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah publikasi terbanyak terjadi pada 2021 sebanyak 144 artikel. Sebaran publikasi penelitian dengan topik sanitation menunjukan sebaran yang baik. Istilah dalam variable sanitation yang sering muncul dan dikaitkan dengan variable lain adalah sustainability, wash, dan wastewater. Hanya satu penulis yang berkolaborasi dan sering muncul dengan rekan penulis lainnya yaitu Morgenroth Eberhard
Immunoradiometric assay of circulating C-reactive protein: age-related values in the adult general population
No full textBackground: Increased values of C-reactive protein (CRP), the classical acute phase protein, within the range below 5 mg/L, previously considered to be within the reference interval, are strongly associated with increased risk of atherothrombotic events, and are clinically significant in osteoarthritis and neonatal infection.<br/> Methods: A robust new polyclonal-monoclonal solid-phase IRMA for CRP was developed, with a range of 0.05- 10.0 mg/L.<br/> Results: Plasma CRP values in general adult populations from Augsburg, Germany (2291 males and 2203 females; ages, 25-74 years) and Glasgow, Scotland (604 males and 650 females; ages, 25-64 years) were very similar. The median CRP approximately doubled with age, from similar to 1 mg/L in the youngest decade to similar to 2 mg/L in the oldest, and tended to be higher in females. <br/>Conclusion: This extensive data set, the largest such study of CRP, provides valuable reference information for future clinical and epidemiological investigations
Stimulation of renin secretion by potassium-channel activation with cromakalim
No full textThe cardiovascular and endocrine profile of cromakalim has been studied in 8 healthy men (age 25 +/- 2 years: means SEM) and its influence on renin release from cultured rat juxtaglomerular cells in vitro has also been examined. According to a double-blind, randomized sequence the subjects received placebo or cromakalim 1 mg as a single daily oral dose for 5 days. Compared to placebo, cromakalim significantly increased plasma renin activity (+ 122%; from 1.73 to 3.87 ng AI.ml-1.h-1), angiotensin II (+ 105%; from 5.1 to 10.5 pg.ml-1), and norepinephrine (+ 61%) levels, and heart rate (+ 8%). Plasma aldosterone, blood pressure and indices of the electrolyte-fluid volume state were unchanged. Cromakalim in vitro stimulated renin release, from 9.9 to 36.5 ng AI.h-1.30 min.mg cell protein, from juxtaglomerular cells. It appears that the presumed K+-channel activator cromakalim increases renin release in vivo at least in part by direct stimulation of renal juxtaglomerular cells
The brain in heart failure
No full textAfter atrial fibrillation, heart failure is the second most
frequent cardiac association of stroke. Deteriorating left
ventricular systolic function appears to increase the risk of
cardioembolic stroke in heart failure. Age, hypertension and
prior stroke are also risk factors for stroke in heart failure. Since
these are risk factors for cerebral and other vascular disease
rather than for cardioembolism, embolism may not be the sole
pathogenesis of stroke in heart failure. Hypoperfusion as a cause of cerebral injury is suggested by a reduction of blood flow and autoregulatory capacity in severe heart failure. An increase in cerebral infarct volume and impaired cognition in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction also supports this. There is a need for further research to define how the brain is affected by progressive cardiac failure and to determine which echocardiographic and other vascular risk factors best indicate an increased stroke risk
Randomized trial of safety and effectiveness of chlorproguanil-dapsone and lumefantrine-artemether for uncomplicated malaria in children in the Gambia.
No full textBACKGROUND: Chlorproguanil-dapsone (Lapdap), developed as a low-cost antimalarial, was withdrawn in 2008 after concerns about safety in G6PD deficient patients. This trial was conducted in 2004 to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of CD and comparison with artemether-lumefantrine (AL) under conditions of routine use in G6PD normal and G6PD deficient patients with uncomplicated malaria in The Gambia. We also examined the effects of a common genetic variant that affects chlorproguanil metabolism on risk of treatment failure. METHODS: 1238 children aged 6 months to 10 years with uncomplicated malaria were randomized to receive CD or artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and followed for 28 days. The first dose was supervised, subsequent doses given unsupervised at home. G6PD genotype was determined to assess the interaction between treatment and G6PD status in their effects on anaemia. The main endpoints were clinical treatment failure by day 28, incidence of severe anaemia (Hb<5 g/dL), and haemoglobin concentration on day 3. FINDINGS: One third of patients treated with AL, and 6% of patients treated with CD, did not complete their course of medication. 18% (109/595) of children treated with CD and 6.1% (36/587) with AL required rescue medication within 4 weeks, risk difference 12% (95%CI 8.9%-16%). 23 children developed severe anaemia (17 (2.9%) treated with CD and 6 (1.0%) with AL, risk difference 1.8%, 95%CI 0.3%-3.4%, P = 0.02). Haemoglobin concentration on day 3 was lower among children treated with CD than AL (difference 0.43 g/dL, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.62), and within the CD group was lower among those children who had higher parasite density at enrollment. Only 17 out of 1069 children who were typed were G6PD A- deficient, of these 2/9 treated with CD and 1/8 treated with AL developed severe anaemia. 5/9 treated with CD had a fall of 2 g/dL or more in haemoglobin concentration by day 3. INTERPRETATION: AL was well tolerated and highly effective and when given under operational conditions despite poor adherence to the six-dose regimen. There were more cases of severe malaria and anaemia after CD treatment although G6PD deficiency was uncommon. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00118794
Scientific hypotheses can be tested by comparing the effects of one treatment over many diseases in a systematic review
No full textObjectives:
To describe the use of systematic reviews or overviews (systematic reviews of systematic reviews) to synthesize quantitative evidence of intervention effects across multiple indications (multiple-indication reviews) and to highlight issues pertaining to such reviews.
Study Design and Setting:
MEDLINE was searched from 2003 to January 2014. We selected multiple-indication reviews of interventions of allopathic medicine that included evidence from randomized controlled trials. We categorized the subject areas evaluated by these reviews and examined their methodology. Utilities and caveats of multiple-indication reviews are illustrated with examples drawn from published literature.
Results:
We retrieved 52 multiple-indication reviews covering a wide range of interventions. The method has been used to detect unintended effects, improve precision by pooling results across indications, and examine scientific hypotheses across disease classes.
Conclusion:
Systematic reviews of interventions are typically used to evaluate the effects of treatments, one indication at a time. Here, we argue that, with due attention to methodological caveats, much can be learned by comparing the effects of a given treatment across many related indications
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and the prediction of primary cardiovascular events: results from 15-year follow-up of WOSCOPS
No full text<b>Aims:</b>To test whether N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was independently associated with, and improved the prediction of, cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a primary prevention cohort.
<b>Methods and results:</b> In the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), a cohort of middle-aged men with hypercholesterolaemia at a moderate risk of CVD, we related the baseline NT-proBNP (geometric mean 28 pg/mL) in 4801 men to the risk of CVD over 15 years during which 1690 experienced CVD events. Taking into account the competing risk of non-CVD death, NT-proBNP was associated with an increased risk of all CVD [HR: 1.17 (95% CI: 1.11–1.23) per standard deviation increase in log NT-proBNP] after adjustment for classical and clinical cardiovascular risk factors plus C-reactive protein. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide was more strongly related to the risk of fatal [HR: 1.34 (95% CI: 1.19–1.52)] than non-fatal CVD [HR: 1.17 (95% CI: 1.10–1.24)] (P= 0.022). The addition of NT-proBNP to traditional risk factors improved the C-index (+0.013; P < 0.001). The continuous net reclassification index improved with the addition of NT-proBNP by 19.8% (95% CI: 13.6–25.9%) compared with 9.8% (95% CI: 4.2–15.6%) with the addition of C-reactive protein. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide correctly reclassified 14.7% of events, whereas C-reactive protein correctly reclassified 3.4% of events. Results were similar in the 4128 men without evidence of angina, nitrate prescription, minor ECG abnormalities, or prior cerebrovascular disease.
<b>Conclusion:</b> N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide predicts CVD events in men without clinical evidence of CHD, angina, or history of stroke, and appears related more strongly to the risk for fatal events. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide also provides moderate risk discrimination, in excess of that provided by the measurement of C-reactive protein
Ornipressin in the treatment of functional renal failure in decompensated liver cirrhosis
No full textIn 11 patients with decompensated cirrhosis and deteriorating renal function, the effect of the vasoconstrictor substance 8-ornithin vasopressin (ornipressin; POR 8; Sandoz, Basel, Switzerland) on renal function, hemodynamic parameters, and humoral mediators was studied. Ornipressin was infused at a dose of 6 IU/h over a period of 4 hours. During ornipressin infusion an improvement of renal function was achieved as indicated by significant increases in inulin clearance (+65%), paraaminohippuric acid clearance (+49%), urine volume (+45%), sodium excretion (+259%), and fractional elimination of sodium (+130%). The hyperdynamic circulation was reversed to a nearly normal circulatory state. The increase in systemic vascular resistance (+60%) coincided with a decrease of a previously elevated renal vascular resistance (-27%) and increase in renal blood flow (+44%). The renal fraction of the cardiac output increased from 2.3% to 4.7% (P less than 0.05). A decline of the elevated plasma levels of noradrenaline (2.08-1.13 ng/mL; P less than 0.01) and renin activity (27.6-14.2 ng.mL-1.h-1; P less than 0.01) was achieved. The plasma concentration of the atrial natriuretic factor increased in most of the patients, but slightly decreased in 3 patients. The decrease of renal vascular resistance and the increase of renal blood flow and of the renal fraction of cardiac output play a key role in the beneficial effect of ornipressin on renal failure. These changes develop by an increase in mean arterial pressure, the reduction of the sympathetic activity, and probably of an extenuation of the splanchnic vasodilation. A significant contribution of atrial natriuretic factor is less likely. The present findings implicate that treatment with ornipressin represents an alternative approach to the management of functional renal failure in advanced liver cirrhosis
