1,721,002 research outputs found
Untersuchungen zum Einfluss unterschiedlicher Bedingungen auf die Degradation von MDI-basierenden Ether- und Ester-Polyurethanen
Get PDFPolyurethane (PU) bilden eine wichtige Klasse von Kunststoffen, die in vielen technischen Anwendungen zum Einsatz kommen. Damit verbunden sind hohe Ansprüche an die Stabilität und Lebensdauer derartiger Polymere. Das Verständnis wichtiger Abbauprozesse stellt somit die Voraussetzung zur Optimierung deren Einsatzes dar. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Degradation von Ether und Ester Polyurethan-Probenkörpern zuerst durch eine kombinierte Bewitterung aus photochemischer, hydrolytischer und thermischer Beanspruchung simuliert und mit verschiedenen spektroskopischen, massenspektrometrischen und chromatographischen Methoden untersucht. Durch die Wahl zum Teil neuartiger konnten individuelle Prüfkörperhergestellt werden.
Analytischer Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen stellte dabei die Gel-Permeations-Chromatographie (GPC) dar. Mit dieser Methode war es erstmals möglich, aus den zeitlichen Änderungen von Molmassen und Löslichkeiten während der Beanspruchung Rückschlüsse auf einzelne Degradationsmechanismen wie Kettenbruch, Vernetzung und Verzweigung zu ziehen. Kombiniert wurde diese Untersuchung mit spektroskopischen und massenspektrometrischen Verfahren.
Die in dieser Arbeit präsentierten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Degradation von Polyurethanen nahezu ausschließlich durch Temperaturerhöhung und UV-Strahlung induziert wurde, während die Feuchtigkeit allein keinen signifikanten Einfluss hatte. Die beobachteten Effekte ließen sich überwiegend durch Kettenbrüche und Verzweigung bzw. Vernetzungen erklären, wobei sich beide Prozesse überlagerten. Die Ergebnisse lassen auch darauf schließen, das Ester PU bei identischen Degradationsbedingungen grundsätzlich stabiler sind und weniger stark abgebaut wurden, als Ether PU.
Die Ergebnisse können dazu beitragen, die kombinierte Bewitterung, die einen natürlichen Abbau simulieren soll, besser zu verstehen und den Anteil der einzelnen Umweltfaktoren auf die Gesamtalterung der Materialen realistischer einzuordnen.Polyurethanes (PU) are an important class of polymers that are used in many technical applications. Therefore, there are high demands regarding their stability and durability Thus, an understanding of important degradation processes is required for their optimized use. In this thesis, the degradation of ether and ester polyurethane samples was initially simulated by a combined weathering by photochemical, hydrolytic and thermal exposure and investigated with different spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods. Using innovative manufacturing techniques (e.g. 3D printing, electrospinning) for the fabrication of specimens, individual samples from nano- to centimeter scale became available. Based on the results of the combined weathering, exposure scenarios were developed, which reduced the complexity of the degradation towards the investigation of individual parameters (temperature, UV radiation, humidity).
The analytical investigations were focused on gel permeation chromatography (GPC). For the first time, time-depending degradation mechanisms such as chain scission, crosslinking and branching were derived from changes of molecular masses and solubilities during exposure. This chromatographic investigation was combined with spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods.
The results presented in this thesis show, that degradation of polyurethanes was induced almost exclusively by temperature and UV radiation, while moisture alone had no significant influence. The observed effects could mainly be explained by chain scission and branching/crosslinking affecting each other. The results also indicate that ester PU was more stable under identical degradation conditions and degraded less than ether PU.
These results might contribute to a better understanding of the combined weathering, which is intended to simulate natural degradation, and might serve for a realistic evaluation of the contribution of single degradation parameters
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Advanced Structural Characterization of Dendritic Polyethylene Obtained from Chain Walking Catalysis
Get PDFThis dissertation is dedicated to the complete structural elucidation of chain-walking polyethylene (CWPE) using state-of-the-art analytical technology, including light and neutron scattering experiments as well as advanced liquid chromatography. In doing so, the structural characteristics of CWPE shall be determined on global and segmental scale in order to clearly differentiate this material class from other classical types of PE. Moreover, it is aimed to clarify the true potential of CW catalysis including possibilities and limitations
Topology and Thermophoresis Characterization of Complex Polymers by Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation
Get PDFThis dissertation deals with the potential of thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF) for the multidetection-based analysis of polymers with complex topology to prove its capability in resolving polymer branching characteristics from measured thermophoretic properties. For that, not yet existent but necessary profound advances in the theory of ThFFF and as well, thermophoresis of branched polymers were generated to allow a full exploitation of the method in the elucidation of polymer topology. Exemplary, two different libraries of branched polymer model systems based on aliphatic-aromatic polyesters and on a new type of short chain branched polyethylene were investigated. On top, the potential of the optimized ThFFF theory was assessed in the context of crosslinked polymer architectures and shines light onto the so far controversially debated topic of electron beam irradiation effects on thermoplastic polyurethane
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