1,721,102 research outputs found
La monnaie et la zone euro au prisme du contractualisme rawlsien
Full text linkThèse en cotutelleDans cette thèse, nous analysons normativement la constitution monétaire moderne fondée sur la monnaie de crédit à partir de la justice comme équité du philosophe libéral-égalitariste John Rawls, d’abord dans un contexte étatique classique, puis pour le cas particulier de la zone euro, où une autorité monétaire supranationale subsume vingt compétence fiscales nationales. Nous concluons que pour répondre aux exigences de la justice comme équité, le fonctionnement de l’institution monétaire, comprenant à la fois les banques commerciales, la banque centrale et le cadre régulateur bancaire-financier, doit être réformé. Ce raisonnement suit six chapitres. Au chapitre 1, nous analysons la monnaie comme une institution sociale. Nous défendons qu’en résultant d’une demande de crédit, la monnaie repose sur une confiance collective qui engage tous les co-sociétaires. Nous soutenons par ailleurs que la monnaie est simultanément un bien privé et un commun, et que son rôle socio-politique dépend de la constitution monétaire qui la régit. Au chapitre 2, nous présentons les modalités de l’émission monétaire qui sont pertinentes pour comprendre les enjeux de justice associés à cette institution. Nous décrivons l’architecture monétaire et les instruments par lesquels la banque centrale pilote la liquidité en jouant sur les incitatifs bancaires. Nous exposons les enjeux politiques de la politique monétaire : en dépit de l’indépendance de la banque centrale, la politique monétaire participe de la politique économique et engendre de nombreux effets distributifs, directs ou indirects, sur ses ressortissants monétaires. Au chapitre 3, nous justifions l’emploi du paradigme rawlsien pour une analyse normative de la monnaie. Nous exposons la marginalisation de la question monétaire en philosophie politique et économique puis nous présentons la théorie rawlsienne de la justice comme équité. Nous argumentons que la perspective institutionnaliste qui réfléchit la justice à partir de la structure de base des institutions fondamentales offre un cadre adéquat pour évaluer la constitution monétaire contemporaine. Le libéral-égalitarisme rawlsien fournit également des outils pertinents pour analyser les effets distributifs de la politique monétaire. Au chapitre 4, qui constitue le cœur de notre contribution, nous mettons la constitution monétaire à l’épreuve de la justice comme équité et déduisons des principes pour guider spécifiquement la réforme de l’institution monétaire. Le premier principe d’égalité des libertés interdit la discrimination bancaire et garantit que l’élaboration de la politique monétaire respecte à la fois l’expertise technique des banques centrales et une certaine exigence démocratique. Le principe d’égalité des opportunités justifie par ailleurs un droit équitable au crédit pour les structures de base démunies de mécanismes égalisateurs d’opportunités. Enfin, le principe de différence suppose de doter la banque centrale d’une mission de vigilance à l’égard des inégalités qu’elle engendre. Au chapitre 5, nous transposons ces réflexions, qui prévalaient pour un contexte monétaire national, au contexte de la zone euro. Nous mettons en lumière les spécificités d’une union monétaire dépourvue d’union fiscale et nous détaillons les enjeux distributifs particuliers qu’entraîne cette structure monétaire, tant entre les eurozonéens qu’entre les vingt États membres qui la composent. Au chapitre 6, nous observons que les inégalités monétaires au cœur de la zone euro ne sont ni reconnues ni corrigées par les structures existantes. Nous concluons en proposant des principes de justice monétaire adaptés pour la zone euro, suivis de propositions locales : la coopération monétaire au sein de la zone euro interdit toute discrimination bancaire ou monétaire fondée sur l’appartenance nationale ; l’égalité d’opportunité implique de préserver l’autonomie budgétaire des États membres ; et la Banque centrale européenne doit rester vigilante à l’égard de ses effets inégalitaires, économiques ou d’autres ordres qui nuisent au sort des moins bien lotis à travers la zone euro.In this dissertation, we normatively analyze the modern monetary constitution, which is based on credit money, through the lens of John Rawls's liberal-egalitarian theory of justice as fairness. Our analysis begins within the framework of a classical State context and then extends to the specific case of the Eurozone, where a supranational monetary authority oversees the fiscal policies of twenty different national jurisdictions. We conclude that to meet the demands of justice as fairness, the functioning of the monetary institution—encompassing commercial banks, the central bank, and the banking-financial regulatory framework—requires reform. This argument unfolds across six chapters. In chapter 1, we examine money as a social institution. We argue that money, as an institution born from credit demand, rests on a collective trust that binds members within a political community. Furthermore, we assert that money is simultaneously a private good and a common good, and that its socio-political role depends on the monetary constitution governing it. This approach sets the stage for a normative reflection on money. In chapter 2, we provide a synthetic overview of contemporary monetary issuance mechanisms relevant to understanding the justice-related issues of this institution. We describe the monetary architecture and the instruments through which the central bank manages liquidity by influencing banking incentives. We highlight the political stakes of monetary policy: despite the central bank's independence, monetary policy is part of economic policy and has numerous distributive effects, both direct and indirect, on monetary constituents. In chapter 3, we justify the use of the Rawlsian paradigm for a normative analysis of money. We discuss the marginalization of monetary issues in political and economic philosophy and then present Rawls's theory of justice as fairness. We argue that the institutionalist perspective, which considers justice from the basic structure of fundamental institutions, provides an appropriate framework for evaluating the contemporary monetary constitution. Rawlsian liberal egalitarianism also offers relevant tools for analyzing the distributive effects of monetary policy. In chapter 4, which forms the core of our contribution, we subject the monetary constitution to the test of justice as fairness and deduce principles specifically aimed at guiding the reform of monetary institutions. The first principle of equal liberties prohibits formal banking discrimination and ensures that the formulation of monetary policy respects both the technical expertise of central banks and certain democratic requirements. The principle of equal opportunities further justifies equitable access to credit for foundational structures lacking mechanisms that equalize opportunities. Lastly, the difference principle entails equipping the central bank with a mandate to monitor and address the inequalities it generates. In chapter 5, we transpose these reflections, initially applicable to a national monetary context, to the context of the Eurozone. We highlight the costs and benefits of a monetary union devoid of fiscal union, and we detail the specific distributive issues that this monetary structure entails, both among Eurozone members and among the twenty Member States. In chapter 6, we observe that monetary inequalities within the Eurozone are neither recognized nor corrected by existing structures. We conclude by proposing monetary justice principles specifically tailored for the Eurozone, followed by local recommendations: monetary cooperation within the Eurozone must prohibit any banking or monetary discrimination based on national origin; equality of opportunity requires preserving the fiscal autonomy of Member States; and the European Central Bank must remain vigilant regarding its unequal effects, whether economic or otherwise, that adversely impact the most disadvantaged across the Eurozone.Centre de recherche en éthique (Cré) de MontréalGroupe de recherche inter-universitaire en philosophie politique (GRIPP)Alliance Europe Région Pays de la Loire (Nantes Université)UMR-CNRS Droit et Changement Social (Nantes Université)Horizon Fellowship - Université de Montréa
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The political virtues of ONIAM : the Justice Agency Process
No full textSous une impulsion socialiste, la loi du 4 mars 2002, dite « loi Kouchner », a posé les bases de la démocratie sanitaire, en marges des tribunaux et des administrations centrales. A l’époque, l’ONIAM autorise, les espoirs de réordonnancement d’un pouvoir jusque-là verticalisé, en plus de laissé croire au désengorgement de tribunaux asphyxiés. Mais très vite, l’euphorie de 2002 et les rêves d’horizontalité s’évaporent. Parce qu’il est officiellement dépourvu de l’appellation « agence », l’ONIAM joue sur le terrain des ambiguïtés. Le parti pris de la thèse est de montrer en quoi le flou statutaire et politique qui entoure les agences françaises, est utile politiquement. L’histoire de l’ONIAM est symptomatique de la taxinomie administrative française et se fait le révélateur d’une ruse de l’Etat. En même temps que l’on assiste à l’agencification de l’appareil de justice, le cas singulier de l’ONIAM vient contrarier les balises de ce type d’organisation, au point d’en reconsidérer le cadre théorique tel qu’il est communément admis. La piste instrumentale est privilégiée, tant l’ONIAM incarne un appareil de pouvoir donnant aux politiques les moyens de s’accommoder et de s’affranchir subtilement des contraintes organisationnelles et structurelles de l’agence. L’instrumentalisation des principes structurants de l’agence se ferait en faveur d’intérêts politiques : tantôt en rejouant les luttes partisanes dans la perspective d’étendre les réseaux de politiques publiques en zone extrajudiciaire, tantôt en envisageant des stratégies néo-corporatistes, tantôt en se préservant des risques politiques associés aux risques sanitaires. Au travers du cas de l’ONIAM, la thèse s’empare de la question délicate et dérangeante de savoir à qui profite l’agencification de l’appareil de justice ?Under a socialist impulse, the law of 4 March 2002, called «Kouchner law», laid the foundations of health democracy, on the margins of the courts and central administrations. At the time, the ONIAM allowed, the hopes of reordering a power until then verticalized, in addition to let believe in the decongesting of asphyxiated courts. But quickly, the euphoria of 2002 and the dreams of horizontality evaporate. Because it is officially devoid of the name “agency”, ONIAM plays on the terrain of ambiguities. The thesis’s bias is to show how the legal and political vagueness surrounding French agencies is politically useful. The history of ONIAM is symptomatic of the French administrative taxonomy and reveals a ruse of the State. At the same time as we are witnessing the organization of the justice system, the singular case of the ONIAM comes to thwart the limits of this type of organization, to the point of reconsidering the theoretical framework as it is commonly accepted. The instrumental track is privileged, as the ONIAM embodies a power apparatus giving politicians the means to accommodate and subtly free themselves from the organizational and structural constraints of the agency. The instrumentalization of the agency’s structuring principles would be in favor of political interests: sometimes by replaying partisan struggles in the perspective of extending public policy networks in an extra-judicial zone, sometimes by considering neo-judicial strategies corporatists, sometimes protecting themselves from political risks associated with health risks. Through the case of ONIAM, the thesis takes up the delicate and disturbing question of who benefits from the agency process of the justice system
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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