67 research outputs found
Les pratiques de code : de la documentation à la détection
No full textCoding practices are increasingly used in the field of software development. Their implementation ensures maintainability, readability, and consistency of the code, which greatly contributes to software quality. Most of these practices are implemented in static analysis tools, or linters, which automatically alert developers when a practice is not followed. However,more and more organizations, tending to create their own internal practices, encounter problems with their understanding and adoption by developers. First, for a practice to be applied, it must first be understood by developers, thus requiring properly written documentation. Yet, this topic of documentation has been little studied in the scientific literature. Then, to promote their adoption, it would be necessary to be able to extend existing analysis tools to integrate new practices, which is difficult given the expertise required to make these modifications. Packmind, a company based in Bordeaux, develops a solution to support developers in bringing out these internal practices through workshops. However, it suffers from the same issues mentioned above. In this thesis, we first focused on providing recommendations to the authors of practice documentation. To do this, we analyzed the documentation of more than 100 rules from 16 different linters to extract a taxonomy of documentation objectives and types of content present. We then conducted a survey among developers to assess their expectations in terms of documentation. This notably allowed us to observe that the reasons why a practice should be applied were very poorly documented, while they are perceived as essential by developers. Secondly, we studied the feasibility of automatically identifying violations of practices from examples. Our context, forcing us to detect internal practices for which we have few examples to learn from, pushed us to implement transfer learning on themachine learning model CodeBERT.We show that the models thus trained achieve good performance in an experimental context, but that accuracy collapseswhenwe apply them to real code bases.Les pratiques de code sont de plus en plus utilisées dans le domaine du développement logiciel. Leur mise en place permet d’assurer la maintenabilité, la lisibilité et la consistance du code, ce qui contribue fortement à la qualité logicielle. La majorité de ces pratiques est implémentée dans des outils d’analyse statique, ou linters, qui permettent d’alerter automatiquement les développeurs lorsqu’une pratique n’est pas respectée. Toutefois, de plus en plus d’organisations, ayant tendance à créer leurs propres pratiques internes, rencontrent des problèmes sur leur compréhension et leur adoption par les développeurs. Premièrement, afin d’être appliquée, une pratique doit d’abord être comprise par les développeurs, impliquant donc d’avoir une documentation correctement rédigée. Or, ce sujet de la documentation n’a été que peu étudié dans la littérature scientifique. Ensuite, pour favoriser leur adoption, il faudrait pouvoir étendre les outils d’analyse existants pour y intégrer de nouvelles pratiques, ce qui est difficile compte tenu de l’expertise nécessaire pour apporter ces modifications. Packmind, société bordelaise, développe une solution pour accompagner les développeurs à faire émerger ces pratiques internes à l’aide d’ateliers. Cependant, elle souffre des mêmes problématiques citées précédemment. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes d’abord intéressés à fournir des recommandations aux auteurs de la documentation des pratiques. Pour cela, nous avons analysé la documentation de plus de 100 règles provenant de 16 linters différents afin d’en extraire une taxonomie des objectifs de documentation et des types de contenu présents. Nous avons ensuite réalisé une enquête auprès de développeurs afin d’évaluer leurs attentes en termes de documentation. Cela nous a notamment permis d’observer que les raisons pour lesquelles une pratique doit être appliquée étaient très peu documentées, alors qu’elles sont perçues comme essentielles par les développeurs. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié la faisabilité de l’identification automatique de violations de pratiques à partir d’exemples. Notre contexte, nous contraignant à détecter des pratiques internes pour lesquelles nous avons peu d’exemples pour apprendre, nous a poussé à mettre en place du transfert d’apprentissage sur le modèle de machine learning CodeBERT. Nous montrons que les modèles ainsi entraînés obtiennent de bonnes performances dans un contexte expérimental, mais que la précision s’écroule lorsque nous les appliquons à des bases de code réelles
Coding practices : from documentation to detection
No full textLes pratiques de code sont de plus en plus utilisées dans le domaine du développement logiciel. Leur mise en place permet d’assurer la maintenabilité, la lisibilité et la consistance du code, ce qui contribue fortement à la qualité logicielle. La majorité de ces pratiques est implémentée dans des outils d’analyse statique, ou linters, qui permettent d’alerter automatiquement les développeurs lorsqu’une pratique n’est pas respectée. Toutefois, de plus en plus d’organisations, ayant tendance à créer leurs propres pratiques internes, rencontrent des problèmes sur leur compréhension et leur adoption par les développeurs. Premièrement, afin d’être appliquée, une pratique doit d’abord être comprise par les développeurs, impliquant donc d’avoir une documentation correctement rédigée. Or, ce sujet de la documentation n’a été que peu étudié dans la littérature scientifique. Ensuite, pour favoriser leur adoption, il faudrait pouvoir étendre les outils d’analyse existants pour y intégrer de nouvelles pratiques, ce qui est difficile compte tenu de l’expertise nécessaire pour apporter ces modifications. Packmind, société bordelaise, développe une solution pour accompagner les développeurs à faire émerger ces pratiques internes à l’aide d’ateliers. Cependant, elle souffre des mêmes problématiques citées précédemment. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes d’abord intéressés à fournir des recommandations aux auteurs de la documentation des pratiques. Pour cela, nous avons analysé la documentation de plus de 100 règles provenant de 16 linters différents afin d’en extraire une taxonomie des objectifs de documentation et des types de contenu présents. Nous avons ensuite réalisé une enquête auprès de développeurs afin d’évaluer leurs attentes en termes de documentation. Cela nous a notamment permis d’observer que les raisons pour lesquelles une pratique doit être appliquée étaient très peu documentées, alors qu’elles sont perçues comme essentielles par les développeurs. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié la faisabilité de l’identification automatique de violations de pratiques à partir d’exemples. Notre contexte, nous contraignant à détecter des pratiques internes pour lesquelles nous avons peu d’exemples pour apprendre, nous a poussé à mettre en place du transfert d’apprentissage sur le modèle de machine learning CodeBERT. Nous montrons que les modèles ainsi entraînés obtiennent de bonnes performances dans un contexte expérimental, mais que la précision s’écroule lorsque nous les appliquons à des bases de code réelles.Coding practices are increasingly used in the field of software development. Their implementation ensures maintainability, readability, and consistency of the code, which greatly contributes to software quality. Most of these practices are implemented in static analysis tools, or linters, which automatically alert developers when a practice is not followed. However,more and more organizations, tending to create their own internal practices, encounter problems with their understanding and adoption by developers. First, for a practice to be applied, it must first be understood by developers, thus requiring properly written documentation. Yet, this topic of documentation has been little studied in the scientific literature. Then, to promote their adoption, it would be necessary to be able to extend existing analysis tools to integrate new practices, which is difficult given the expertise required to make these modifications. Packmind, a company based in Bordeaux, develops a solution to support developers in bringing out these internal practices through workshops. However, it suffers from the same issues mentioned above. In this thesis, we first focused on providing recommendations to the authors of practice documentation. To do this, we analyzed the documentation of more than 100 rules from 16 different linters to extract a taxonomy of documentation objectives and types of content present. We then conducted a survey among developers to assess their expectations in terms of documentation. This notably allowed us to observe that the reasons why a practice should be applied were very poorly documented, while they are perceived as essential by developers. Secondly, we studied the feasibility of automatically identifying violations of practices from examples. Our context, forcing us to detect internal practices for which we have few examples to learn from, pushed us to implement transfer learning on themachine learning model CodeBERT.We show that the models thus trained achieve good performance in an experimental context, but that accuracy collapseswhenwe apply them to real code bases
Pleijel’s Theorem for Schrödinger Operators
No full textWe are concerned in this paper with the real eigenfunctions of Schrödinger operators.We prove an asymptotic upper bound for the number of their nodal domains, which implies in particular that the inequality stated in Courant’s theorem is strict, except for finitely many eigenvalues. Results of this type originated in 1956 with Pleijel’s theorem on the Dirichlet Laplacian and were obtained for some classes of Schrödinger operators by the first author, alone and in collaboration with B. Helffer and T. Hoffmann-Ostenhof. Using methods in part inspired by work of the second author on Neumann and Robin Laplacians, we greatly extend the scope of these previous results
Asymptotic behavior of generalized capacities with applications to eigenvalue perturbations: The higher dimensional case
No full textWe provide a full series expansion of a generalization of the so-called u-capacity related to the Dirichlet-Laplacian in dimension three and higher, extending the results of Abatangelo et al. (2021); Abatangelo, Lena and Musolino (2022) dealing with the planar case. We apply the result in order to study the asymptotic behavior of perturbed eigenvalues when Dirichlet conditions are imposed on a small regular subset of the domain of the eigenvalue problem. (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Geometric bounds for the magnetic Neumann eigenvalues in the plane
No full textWe consider the eigenvalues of the magnetic Laplacian on a bounded domain Omega of R-2 with uniform magnetic field beta > 0 and magnetic Neumann boundary conditions. We find upper and lower bounds for the ground state energy lambda(1) and we provide semiclassical estimates in the spirit of Kroger for the first Riesz mean of the eigenvalues. We also discuss upper bounds for the first eigenvalue for non-constant magnetic fields beta = beta(x) on a simply connected domain in a Riemannian surface. In particular: we prove the upper bound lambda(1) infinity and consists of the semiclassical limit 2 pi k/ |Omega| plus an oscillating term.We also construct several examples, showing the importance of the topology: in particular we show that an arbitrarily small tubular neighborhood of a generic simple closed curve has lowest eigenvalue bounded away from zero, contrary to the case of a simply connected domain of small area, for which lambda(1) is always small.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons .org /licenses /by /4 .0/)
Subordonnées conditionnelles en Quechua Cochabambino
No full textThis record deals with the if-clauses in Quechua Cochabambino. This elicitation aims at elaborating a typology of these clauses.Cet enregistrement traite des subordonnées conditionnelles en Quechua Cochabambino. Il s'agit d'une élicitation cherchant à élaborer une typologie des conditionnelles dans cette langue
Fables d'Ésope 2: Les Hommes
No full textThis is a tight little book, 6 x 7¾. It contains eighty-six of Aesop's fables drawn from either Chambry's 1927 translation or a version done by Hachette in 1913 without attribution to an author. To go with those texts there are eleven full-page illustrations noted on 85 and a number of other designs along the way. Six of the full-page illustrations are colored. For an inexpensive edition, this book does a good job with the art! There is a T of C at the back. I am not sure that I have ever seen Aesop's work divided into animals and people before this! See the companion volume on animals.This is a hardbound book (hard cover)This book has a dust jacket (book cover)Language note: FrenchOriginal language: greTraduction, introduction et notes par Daniel Loayz
Point defect engineering in Ge
No full textThesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2016.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 121-127).In 1947, the first transistor was made of germanium, but soon silicon became the core material of computer chips because of its processability. However, as the typical dimensions of transistors are getting closer to the atomic size, the traditional approach of scaling down transistors to improve performance is reaching its limits, and other elements need to be used in conjunction with silicon. Germanium is one of the key materials to empower silicon based devices because it possesses electronic and optoelectronic properties complementary to those of silicon, among them higher carrier mobilities and a direct band gap (G-valley) at 1.55 [mu]m (the telecom C-band, therefore adding new capabilities to silicon integrated microphotonics). Furthermore, good quality Ge layers can be grown epitaxially on a Si substrate, allowing a monolithic integration of devices. However, compared to silicon, little is known about the point defects in germanium. The goal of the present doctoral work is to remedy this gap. To this end, we have used radiation (gamma rays, alpha particles, and neutrons) to controllably introduce point defects in crystalline germanium, which were then characterized by Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS), a technique that allows the determination of the activation energy, capture cross-section, and concentration of the said defects. By studying their electronic properties, annealing kinetics, and introduction rates, we were able to separate vacancy-containing from interstitial-containing defects and gain insight on their physical nature and formation process. We especially identified a di-interstitial defect and a tri-interstitial defect. In addition, we proved that in the case of alpha particles and neutron irradiation, the fact that defects are generated in a collision cascade influences their carrier capture rates and annealing behaviors. We have also characterized the impact of radiation on commercial germanium-on-silicon photodetectors, and showed that point defects associate with dislocations in epitaxial Ge-on-Si layers. Finally, we have investigated the passivation of midgap states by implanting germanium with fluorine, and showed how the interaction between the halogen element, the amorphous/crystalline interface during the solid phase epitaxy, and the implantation damage is key in obtaining a high performance materialby Corentin Monmeyran.Ph. D
Dufour et al. Source Data.xlsx
No full textDataset used to create every graph of the paper "Phenotypic characterization of single CD4+ T cells harboring genetically intact and inducible HIV genomes" in Nature Communications
Author list: Caroline Dufour1, Corentin Richard1, Marion Pardons1, Marta Massanella1, Antoine Ackaoui1, Ben Murrell2, Bertrand Routy1, Réjean Thomas3, Jean-Pierre Routy4, Rémi Fromentin1, Nicolas Chomont1
1Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 0A9, Quebec, Canada
2Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
3Clinique médicale l’Actuel, Montreal, H2L 4P9, Quebec, Canada
4Division of Hematology & Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Heath Centre, Montreal, H4A 3J1, Quebec, Canada</p
Estimation of the modulation of friction from the mechanical impedance variations
No full textUltrasonic surface-haptic touchscreens produce compelling tactile sensations directly on the users' fingertips. The tactile sensations stem from the modulation of friction produced by acoustic radiation pressure, which reduces the contact between the skin and the glass plate. During this process, some of the vibrations are partly absorbed by the tissues, resulting in a conspicuous change in the vibration amplitude of the plate upon contact with the finger, which manifests as a net change in the system mechanical impedance. In this study, we leverage the observable change of impedance to estimate the acoustic levitation and the frictional force. The self-sensing method utilizes a model of the first principles governing the physical interaction between the plate and the skin, which relies on multi-scale contact theory. The model accurately describes the experimental influence of the amplitude on the observed impedance (i.e., the amount of energy absorbed and reflected) and can be used to estimate the friction coefficient (R2=0.93). These results provide additional evidence of the partial levitation mechanism at play in ultrasonic friction-modulation. This finding can be useful for designing energy-efficient devices and provide design suggestions for using ultrasonic impedance for self-sensing friction forces.Accepted Author ManuscriptHuman-Robot Interactio
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