1,721,013 research outputs found
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in the Vacuum-Ultraviolet Wavelength Regime for the Application in Planetary Exploration
Get PDFDiese Arbeit handelt von der Anwendbarkeit laserinduzierter Plasmaspektroskopie (englisch: laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS) mit Detektion im vakuumultravioletten Spektralbereich (VUV), im Folgenden VUV-LIBS genannt, im Bereich der Planetenforschung. Für LIBS wird ein gepulster Laser auf die zu untersuchende Probe fokussiert. Dabei wird Probenmaterial abgetragen, verdampft und teilweise ionisiert. Die im Plasma enthaltenen Atome und Ionen werden elektronisch angeregt und strahlen in der Folge Licht charakteristischer Wellenlängen ab, welches spektroskopisch analysiert werden kann. Diese Analyse erlaubt einen Rückschluss auf die im Plasma und somit in der Probe enthaltenen chemischen Elemente. Mit LIBS können alle Elemente detektiert werden. Allerdings sind insbesondere die Nichtmetalle schwerer zu detektieren, deren intensivste Emissionslinien im VUV-Bereich liegen, d.h. bei Wellenlängen kürzer als 200 nm, der oft nicht untersucht wird. In diesem Spektralbereich wird ein Großteil der Strahlung von der irdischen Atmosphäre absorbiert. Auf atmosphärelosen Himmelskörpern wie dem Mond ist dies nicht der Fall, sodass für die Elemente C, Cl, H, N, O, P und S eine verbesserte Detektierbarkeit erwartet wird als mit konventionellem LIBS im typischerweise untersuchten Spektralbereich über 200 nm.
Die hier präsentierten Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass VUV-LIBS in der Tat eine verbesserte Detektierbarkeit für S und Cl im Kontext einer Mondmission bewirken kann. Für eine umfassende Beurteilung der Methode in dieser Anwendung und zur Verbesserung der Nachweisgrenzen sind jedoch weitere Untersuchungen mit einem verbesserten Messaufbau notwendig. Da wichtige gesteinsbildende Elemente wie Ca, Na und Mg im VUV-Bereich keine oder nur schwache Emission zeigen, liegt das größte Potenzial von VUV-LIBS möglicherweise in der Kombination mit LIBS in anderen Spektralbereichen oder mit anderen analytischen Methoden.This thesis investigates the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with detection in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectral range for in-situ space exploration. For LIBS, a pulsed laser is tightly focused onto the sample, thereby ablating material and exciting a luminous plasma. The atoms and ions contained in the plasma radiate light of characteristic wavelengths, which can be analysed with spectrometers. The spectral analysis allows to identify the chemical elements in the plasma, which are assumed to be representative for the elements contained in the sample. With LIBS, all elements can be detected. However, especially the non-metal elements are challenging to detect because their strongest lines are located in the VUV spectral range, i.e. below 200 nm, which is often not investigated. Detection in this range brings its own challenges, since large parts of the radiation spectrum are absorbed by the atmosphere surrounding the sample. On celestial bodies without an atmosphere, such as the Moon, the ambient conditions are well suited for VUV-LIBS analyses. In such a scenario, a better detectability for the otherwise challenging elements C, Cl, H, N, O, P and S is expected compared to LIBS in the usually employed detection range above 200 nm.
The results shown in this thesis indicate that VUV-LIBS is promising for the improved detection of light elements such as S and Cl in a lunar context. However, more extensive studies with an optimized set-up are necessary to properly assess the true capabilities of the method and to further reduce the detection limits. Although emission from the most abundant chemical elements in geological samples, Al, Si and O, could be reliably detected in all samples containing them, VUV-LIBS might in the end be best used in combination with LIBS in the UV-VIS range or with other analytical techniques, because the major rock forming elements Ca, Na and Mg hardly show emission lines in the VUV spectral range
Explorer Mars et les comètes. Techniques d'Analyse des Surfaces et Sous-surfaces Planétaires : LIBS et RADAR
No full textConsiderations on Light Scattering Diagnostics for Particle Aggregation in Microgravity (ICAPS-SRE)
No full textExplorer Mars et les comètes. Techniques d'Analyse des Surfaces et Sous-surfaces Planétaires : LIBS et RADAR
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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