322,989 research outputs found
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Adapting to a Bearish Nuclear Market : The Transition of Framatome in the 1980s
No full textThe 1980s were comparably lean years for the nuclear power industry. This was not just out of general economic trends; rather, a number of medium-tolong-term endogenous dynamics were putting constraint upon an international industry still articulated in national champions. The cumulative effect of such dynamics was a growing gap between the distribution of production capacity and potential domestic demand. If for a while export markets appeared as a possible solution, they did not stand up to earlier, inflated expectations. Drawing on unpublished documents of the Framatome Board, it is possible to understand how the French company tackled the problem of a bearish nuclear market. After having started a process of inner differentiation since 1983, by July 1986 Framatome adopted new strategic guidelines aimed at transforming it into a ‘multipolar’ group. On the one hand, the nuclear sector was scaled down, with a sizeable cut in heavy boiler-making capacity, a refocusing on product and services, and a policy of alliances aimed at developing an European standard nuclear island (i.e. the joint venture with Siemens) and penetrating into the U.S. market (i.e. agreements with Babcock & Wilcox). On the other hand, the realm of electronics was deemed as a most promising area for diversification as its high-tech content suited well a firm overstaffed with engineers and technicians accustomed to deal with their end-product in terms of safe reliability. With the creation in 1989 of Framatome Connectors International as a holding company for Burndy, Souriau and Jupiter, the French group became one of the five biggest enterprises of the sector; the ‘pole connectique’ was expected to produce one-half of consolidated revenues by 1993. Framatome reacted timely in front of a depressing nuclear market trend by progressively formulating a strategy which was basically aimed at using the sizeable profits obtained through the French nuclear power programme in order to preserve the company’s capacity and expertise for better times. This process intertwined with and was complicated by the struggle to defend Framatome independence as an industrial subject in respect of its own shareholders, with first the crisis of Creusot-Loire and then the clash with CGE. The strategy would have been basically sound if it had not revolved around the forecast of a upturn of the nuclear market in the mid term; such a nuclear renaissance, however, hardly materialised. Moreover, the choice in favour of connectors for diversifying the company’s area of activities was unexpectedly problematic, while the well-known difficulties of the EPR reactor and the ultimate exit of Siemens from the nuclear industry cast a further shadow on Framatome’s strategy. The latter’s basic – and probably unforeseeable – flaw, however, consisted in confiding in a possible restart of nuclear power in the Western industrialised countries after Chernobyl.Les années 1980 furent une période de vaches maigres pour l’industrie de l’énergie nucléaire. La raison ne fut pas fondée seulement sur les tendances économiques générales ; plutôt, un certain nombre de dynamiques endogènes, à moyen et long terme, mirent des contraintes sur une industrie internationale toujours articulée en champions nationaux. L’effet cumulatif de ces dynamiques fut un écart croissant entre la répartition de la capacité de production et la demande intérieure potentielle. Bien que les marchés d’exportation apparussent pendant un moment comme une solution possible, ils ne furent pas finalement au niveau des prévisions antérieures, excessives. En utilisant des documents inédits du conseil d’administration de Framatome, il est possible de comprendre comment cette entreprise française aborda le problème d’un marché nucléaire baissier. Après avoir commencé un processus de différenciation interne depuis 1983, en juillet 1986 Framatome adopta de nouvelles orientations stratégiques visant à la transformer en un groupe « multipolaire ». D’une part, le secteur nucléaire fut revu à la baisse, avec une coupe importante de la capacité de chaudronnerie lourde, un recentrage sur les produits et services et une politique d’alliances visant soit à l’élaboration d’un îlot nucléaire standardisé européen (à savoir la joint-venture avec Siemens), soit à pénétrer le marché américain (accords avec Babcock & Wilcox). D’autre part, le domaine de l’électronique fut considéré comme le secteur le plus prometteur pour la diversification, en raison de son contenu high-tech qui s’adaptait bien à une société en sureffectif en matière d’ingénieurs et de techniciens habitués à traiter avec leur produit final en termes de fiabilité et de sécurité. Avec la création en 1989 de Framatome Connectors International en tant que holding pour Burndy, Souriau et Jupiter, le groupe français devint l’une des cinq plus grandes entreprises du secteur ; on s'attendait à ce que le « pôle connectique » fournisse la moitié du bénéfice consolidé de la société en 1993. Framatome réagit sans délai face à la tendance à la baisse du marché nucléaire en formulant progressivement une stratégie qui visait essentiellement à utiliser les bénéfices importants obtenus par le programme électronucléaire français afin de préserver la capacité et l’expertise de la société pour des temps meilleurs. Ce processus s’entrecroisa avec et fut compliqué par la lutte pour défendre l’indépendance de Framatome en tant qu’acteur industriel à l’égard de ses propres actionnaires, d’abord avec la crise de Creusot-Loire et puis avec l’affrontement avec la CGE. La stratégie aurait été fondamentalement solide si elle n’avait pas tenu à la prévision d’une reprise du marché nucléaire à moyen terme ; une telle renaissance du nucléaire, cependant, ne se matérialisa guère. En outre, le choix en faveur de connecteurs pour la diversification de la société fut problématique de façon inattendue, tandis que les difficultés bien connues du réacteur EPR et la sortie ultime de Siemens de l’industrie nucléaire jetèrent une nouvelle ombre sur la stratégie de Framatome. Néanmoins, le défaut fondamental, et peut-être imprévisible, de sa stratégie tenait à la confiance en un redémarrage possible de l’énergie nucléaire dans les pays industrialisés occidentaux après Tchernobyl
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Author's address:
No full textCan archives of audiovisual TV interviews be used to make authors more visible to students, and thereby reduce the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers in college classes? We examined students in a college course who learned about one scholar's ideas through watching an audiovisual TV interview (i.e., visible author format) and about another scholar's ideas through reading a formal text description (i.e., invisible author format). For the invisible author, native language speakers scored significantly higher than the non-native language speakers on a corresponding exam question (i.e., a cognitive measure), generated more words on the exam question (i.e., a motivational measure), and mentioned the author's name more often in answering the exam question (i.e., an affective measure). For the visible author, the groups did not differ on any of these measures. These findings provide evidence for the idea that making the author visible through audiovisual TV interviews can eliminate the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers. 3 Universities around the world serve students who are non-native speakers of th
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
An Author´s Existence
No full textThis bachelor´s thesis represents a sort of personal looking back vhich goes in two parallel lines - looking for oneself in artistic circles and looking for one own creative approach to the life and pedagogy. The work is divided into three parts. First part maps the author´s (not only) family background, in the second part the author leads us through a period of searching and trying to understand oneself through studying artistic and psychosomatic disciplines and the third integrating part concentrates on the present moment as a point of departure for work with the voice and voice pedagogy
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