1,721,053 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
HANDBOOK OF TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION: Definition of a panel of toxicological tests to assess hazardous properties of engineered nanomaterials
No full textEngineered nanomaterials (NM) present tremendous opportunities for industrial growth and development, and hold great promise for the improvement of our lives, in medicine, electronics, and numerous other areas. However, there are considerable gaps in our knowledge concerning the potential hazardous effects of NM on human health and the environment.
As risk is a function of the level of exposure to a substance and how hazardous it is, to truly understand risks of adverse effects (e.g. ill health) resulting from exposure to NM we must understand the hazards a material pose. However an increasing challenge facing hazard identification/risk assessment of the ever increasing numbers of NM being introduced into the market is the diversity and complexity of the types of materials with varying physicochemical properties. To understand the hazardous nature of a material, several approaches are commonly employed ranging from reading across from other similar substances which doesn’t require any actual testing to performing test on living creatures. For NM, there is considerable debate surrounding the accuracy of reading across from other materials (e.g. the bulk form) and it is considered that this is not yet appropriate for NM without further study and validation. Therefore gaining accurate knowledge of the hazard status of NMs will require toxicological testing. However the nature of toxicological testing means that it is a compromise as of course the best test system is the target species which in the case of worker or consumer exposure, means humans but for ethical reasons this is not possible in almost all cases. Therefore toxicologists utilise either animal models (which do differ from humans in many important respects) or where this is not possible due to either financial or increasingly due to ethical reasons, use in vitro models such as immortalized cell lines. In his respect, toxicological testing should be seen as a spectrum where the further we get from humans and use increasingly simplified models we require more caveats to the data, increased potential for false positives/ negatives but improved financial/ ethical considerations as well as improved efficiency. In addition, it is much more straightforward using in vitro systems to interrogate mechanisms of toxicity using various techniques, agonists and antagonists of various pathways and effects allowing specific biological and mechanistic pathways to be isolated. In this way it can tell us much about how a particle may cause toxicity for example when specific test systems in target cell lines are used, effects of nanoparticles on the plasma membrane, protein synthesis, cell cycle, as well as on overall cell function can be elucidated. The toxicological effects and cytotoxicity mechanisms of some widely used nanoparticles have been reviewed. Available in vitro systems for studying mechanisms of toxicity such as inflammation, oxidative stress generation, interfering of signaling functions, modulating gene transcription and DNA damaging for potential organ targets, cell lines, as well as biomarker analysis have also been described. Therefore, although there are limitations of in vitro systems, short-term in vitro tests of toxicity can provide a rapid and relatively inexpensive way to assess the potential toxicity of large numbers of untested nanoparticles.
The approaches outlined in this document are ways in which we can gain indicative measures of toxicity to feed into risk assessment and to aid this, we use well known and characterised control particles to allow us to benchmark against substances for which inhalation data and exposure limits do exist to generate a more informed opinion
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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