1,721,114 research outputs found
Should we insure workers or jobs during recessions?
No full textWhat is the most efficient way to respond to recessions in the labor market? To this question, policymakers on the two sides of the pond gave diametrically opposed answers during the COVID-19 crisis. In the United States, the focus was on insuring workers by increasing the generosity of unemployment insurance. In Europe, instead, policies were concentrated on saving jobs, with the expansion of short-time work programs to subsidize labor hoarding. Who got it right? In this article, we show that far from being substitutes, unemployment insurance and short-time work exhibit strong complementarities. They provide insurance to different types of workers and against different types of shocks. Short-time work can be effective at reducing socially costly layoffs against large temporary shocks, but it is less effective against more persistent shocks that require reallocation across firms and sectors. We conclude that short-time work is an important addition to the labor market policy-toolkit during recessions, to be used alongside unemployment insurance
Subsidizing labor hoarding in recessions: the employment & welfare effects of short time work
No full textShort time work (STW) policies provide subsidies for hour reductions to workers in firms experiencing temporary shocks. They are the main policy tool used to support labor hoarding during downturns, and were aggressively used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, very little is known about their employment and welfare consequences. This paper leverages unique administrative social security data from Italy and quasi-experimental variation in STW policy rules to offer evidence on the effects of STW on firms’ and workers’ outcomes during the Great Recession. Our results show large and significant negative effects of STW treatment on hours, but large and positive effects on headcount employment. We then analyze whether these positive employment effects are welfare enhancing, distinguishing between temporary and more persistent shocks. We first provide evidence that liquidity constraints and rigidities in wages and hours may make labor hoarding inefficiently low without STW. Then, we show that adverse selection of low productivity firms into STW reduces the long-run insurance value of the program and creates significant negative reallocation effects when the shock is persistent
Comment le revenu imposable des ménages réagit-il à sa taxation? Une estimation sur la période 1997-2004
No full textPour évaluer l’impact d’une réforme fiscale, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte la manière dont les ménages ajustent leur revenu imposable aux taux d’imposition. Le paramètre clé est l’élasticité du revenu imposable à son taux de prélèvement marginal ou à son complémentaire à un, le taux dit «de rétention » . On estime cette élasticité à l’aide de données individuelles portant sur la période 1997‑2004. Cette période a connu des modifications législatives de l’impôt sur le revenu (diminution du plafond du quotient familial et baisses des taux du barème) qui constituent des «expériences naturelles » adéquates pour mesurer l’élasticité du revenu imposable par rapport au taux marginal, en s’inspirant de la stratégie d’estimation utilisée par Gruber et Saez (2002). Sur l’ensemble des ménages fiscaux, l’élasticité estimée du revenu imposable par rapport au taux de rétention marginal est très faible, de l’ordre de 0,02. Il existe cependant une assez forte hétérogénéité des réactions, puisqu’elle vaut 0,31 pour les 10 % de foyers disposant des revenus imposables les plus élevés. À titre illustratif, on examine ce qu’implique une telle élasticité dans le cadre d’un modèle permettant de déterminer le taux maximal applicable aux revenus les plus élevés, le modèle de Saez (2001). Ce calcul n’est toutefois qu’indicatif, car le modèle de Saez est conçu pour évaluer les taux optimaux dans l’hypothèse où l’impôt sur le revenu serait le seul instrument redistributif et la seule source de recettes pour les finances publiques. Il ne présage pas du taux optimal à appliquer dans un système fiscal où l’impôt sur le revenu ne joue qu’un rôle minoritaire.Cabannes Pierre-Yves, Houdré Cédric, Landais Camille. Comment le revenu imposable des ménages réagit-il à sa taxation? Une estimation sur la période 1997-2004. In: Economie et statistique, n°467-468, 2014. pp. 141-162
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Des inhalations d'oxygène dans l'hygiène et la thérapeutique des nouveau-nés.
No full textthèse de médecine de Paris n° 27
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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