1,721,006 research outputs found
The impact of different cooling strategies on urban air temperatures: the cases of Campinas, Brazil and Mendoza, Argentina
Get PDFThis paper describes different ways of reducing urban air temperature and their results in two cities: Campinas - Brazil- a warm temperate climate with a dry winter and hot summer (CWa), and Mendoza- Argentina -a desert climate with cold steppe (BWk)-. A high-resolution microclimate modeling system -ENVI-met 3.1- was used to evaluate the thermal performance of an urban canyon in each city. A total of 18 scenarios were simulated including changes in the surface albedo, vegetation percentage and the H/W aspect ratio of the urban canyons. These results revealed the same trend in behavior for each of the combinations of strategies evaluated in both cities. Nevertheless, these strategies produce a greater temperature reduction in the warm temperate climate (CWa). Increasing the vegetation percentage reduces air temperatures and mean radiant temperatures in all scenarios. In addition, there is a greater decrease of urban temperature with the vegetation increase when the H/W aspect is lower. Also, applying low albedo on vertical surfaces and high albedo on horizontal surfaces is successful in reducing air temperatures without raising mean radiant temperature. The best combination of strategies - 60% of vegetation, low albedos on walls and high albedos on pavements and roofs and 1.5 H/W- could reduce air temperatures up to 6.4 ºC in Campinas and 3.5 ºC in Mendoza.Fil: Alchapar, Noelia Liliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ambiente, Hábitat y Energía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Cotrim Pezzuto, Claudia. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas; BrasilFil: Correa Cantaloube, Erica Norma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ambiente, Hábitat y Energía; ArgentinaFil: Labaki, Lucila Chebel. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brasi
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Indicadores para o verde urbano (IVU): proposta de uma implementação computacional para indicadores de densidade vegetada e densidade construída
No full textUrban density, which covers the population and construction spheres, is considered a
fundamental parameter for understanding land use and occupation. In view of the current
situation of the population densification process in urban centers, measuring it becomes
indispensable with regard to its influence on the climatic scale and environmental quality of
cities. In parallel, urban vegetation coverage is considered an essential element in the
environmental and biophilic balance in the urban space, however the areas destined to
these areas have suffered a progressive reduction in priority as well as in volume, both in
consolidated areas and in areas of urban expansion, highlighting the need to reinforce /
recreate tools aimed at regulating this parameter in urban legislation. In view of this, this
work proposes a system of tools called Indicators for Urban Green (IUG), which is defined
as the computational implementation composed of two proportion indicators that, through
an algorithmic-parametric approach, allows establishing the existing correlation between
the parameters of built density and vegetated density. The IUG consists of the Vegetable
Density Indicator by Total Area (IDVAT) and the Vegetable Density Indicator by
Constructed Density (IDVDC) formulated so that they can accurately measure the focus
parameters of this research. To validate the proposed system, the IUG was applied in
hypothetical (internal validation) and real (external validation) tests, the latter being carried
out with the object of the Altiplano Cabo Branco neighborhood (João Pessoa - PB - Brazil).
In the four hypothetical samples, four subtests were generated in different situations of
vegetated areas for a comparative graphic understanding of the values found (diagram
IUG). Then, in real sampling, the selected urban area was divided into six sub-areas that
present different forms of building density and different types of vegetation cover. The
indicators found in the real (current) scenario were: Altiplano 1: IDVAT = 0.06 / IDVDC =
0.4; Altiplano 2: IDVAT = 0.03 / IDVDC = 0.13; Altiplano 3: IDVAT = 0.05 / IDVDC = 0.19;
Altiplano 4: IDVAT = 0.13 / IDVDC = 1.59; Altiplano 5: IDVAT = 0.11 / IDVDC = 0.92;
Altiplano 6: IDVAT = 0.14 / IDVDC = 0.92. Then, two real-life scenarios of the neighborhood
were chosen for the analysis of the trend scenarios and the construction of possible
alternatives, in order to understand the values of the indicators in a situation of minimum
proportion of vegetation cover with medium to large tree predominance. And, finally, a brief
correlation of the indicators found was made with microclimate data from the city of João
Pessoa (Ribeiro, 2013) that helped to visualize the relationship between the indicators with
lower values and the areas with higher temperatures and devoid of vegetated density.
Finally, it is expected that the evolution of the Indicators for Urban Green (IUG) can help
provide data of fundamental importance to achieve greater levels of easing the climatic
rigor through the minimum proportion between the vegetated and built volumes allocated
in the urban space , as well as contributing to impact studies to avoid conflicts in the
urbanization process and to promote the implementation of more equitable and
environmentally qualified measures.Pró-Reitoria de Pós-graduação da UFPB (PRPG/UFPB)A densidade urbana, que abrange as esferas populacional e construtiva, é considerada um
parâmetro fundamental para compreensão do uso e ocupação do solo. Diante do quadro
atual do processo de adensamento populacional dos núcleos urbanos, mensurá-la tornase indispensável no que tange a sua influência na escala climática e qualidade ambiental
das cidades. Em paralelo, considera-se a cobertura vegetal urbana como um elemento
essencial no equilíbrio ambiental e biofílico no espaço urbano, entretanto as áreas
destinadas a essas têm sofrido com uma redução progressiva de prioridade bem como de
volume, tanto em áreas consolidadas como em zonas de expansão urbana, evidenciando
a necessidade de se reforçar/recriar ferramentas voltadas para a regulação deste
parâmetro na legislação urbana. Diante disso, este trabalho propõe um sistema de
ferramentas denominado como Indicadores para o Verde Urbano (IVU), que se define
como a implementação computacional composta por dois indicadores de proporção que,
por meio de uma abordagem algorítmico-paramétrica, permite estabelecer a correlação
existente entre os parâmetros de densidade construída e densidade vegetada. O IVU é
composto pelo Indicador de Densidade Vegetal por Área Total (IDVAT) e o Indicador de
Densidade Vegetada por Densidade Construída (IDVDC) formulados para que possam
mensurar com precisão os parâmetros de enfoque desta pesquisa. Para validar o sistema
proposto, aplicou-se o IVU em testes hipotéticos (validação interna) e reais (validação
externa), sendo estes últimos realizados tendo como objeto o bairro Altiplano Cabo Branco
(João Pessoa – PB – Brasil). Nas quatro amostragens hipotéticas, gerou-se quatro
subtestes em situações diferentes de áreas vegetadas para compreensão gráfica
comparativa dos valores encontrados (diagrama IVU). Em seguida, nas amostragens reais,
dividiu-se o recorte urbano selecionado em seis subáreas que apresentam formas de
adensamento construtivo e tipologias de cobertura vegetal distintas. Os indicadores
encontrados no cenário real (atual) foram: Altiplano 1: IDVAT = 0.06 / IDVDC = 0.4;
Altiplano 2: IDVAT = 0.03 / IDVDC = 0.13; Altiplano 3: IDVAT = 0.05 / IDVDC = 0.19;
Altiplano 4: IDVAT = 0.13 / IDVDC = 1.59; Altiplano 5: IDVAT = 0.11 / IDVDC = 0.92;
Altiplano 6: IDVAT = 0.14 / IDVDC = 0.92. Em seguida, escolheu-se dois cenários reais do
bairro para análise dos cenários tendenciais e construção de possíveis alternativos, de
modo a compreender os valores dos indicadores em uma situação de proporção mínima
de cobertura vegetal com predominância arbórea de média à grande porte. E, por fim, fezse uma breve correlação dos indicadores encontrados com dados microclimáticos da
cidade de João Pessoa (Ribeiro, 2013) que auxiliou a visualizar a relação entre os
indicadores com valores mais baixos e as áreas com temperaturas mais elevadas e
desprovidos de adensamento vegetado. Por fim, espera-se que a evolução do Indicadores
para o Verde Urbano (IVU) possa auxiliar a fornecer dados de fundamental importância
para alcançar maiores níveis de amenização do rigor climático por meio da proporção
mínima entre os volumes vegetados e edificados alocados no espaço urbano, assim como
contribuir com estudos de impacto para evitar conflitos no processo de urbanização e
promover a implementação de medidas mais equitativas e ambientalmente qualificadas
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Conforto térmico do transeunte : a porosidade urbana como condicionante da ventilação
Get PDFThe changes of urban structures associated with the non-inclusion of climate issues in Zoning Ordinances generate environmental consequences that may contribute to the passerby’s thermal discomfort. For regions of hot and humid weather, as the case of VitAs modificações das estruturas urbanas associadas à falta de inclusão de questões climáticas nos Planos Diretores geram consequências ambientais que podem contribuir para o desconforto térmico do transeunte. Para regiões de clima quente e úmido, como o c
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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