1,721,154 research outputs found
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND THERMAL-STABILITY OF W/SI MULTILAYERS
No full textTungsten/silicon multilayers with tungsten layers of a thickness of 1-2 nm were prepared by means of electron beam deposition. Their structure and thermal stability under rapid thermal annealing were investigated by a combination of x-ray diffraction techniques and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The crystallization behavior was found to depend on the interdiffusion and mixing at the tungsten/silicon interfaces during deposition as well as during annealing. The as-deposited tungsten/silicon multilayers were amorphous and remained stable after annealing at 250-degrees-C/40 s. Interdiffusion and crystallization occurred after annealing all samples from 500-degrees-C/40 s up to 1000-degrees-C/20 s. By performing the same heat treatment in the tungsten/silicon multilayers, the formation of body-centered cubic W was observed with a layer thickness ratio delta(W)/delta(Si) = 1, whereas tetragonal WSi2 was detected in tungsten/silicon multilayers with a layer thickness ratio of delta(W)/delta(Si) less-than-or-equal-to 0.25. This dependence of the crystallization products on the layer thickness ratio delta(W)/delta(Si) originates from the different phenomena of interdiffusion and mixing at the tungsten/silicon interfaces. The possible formation of bcc tungsten as a first stage of crystallization of tungsten-silicon amorphous phase, rich in tungsten, is discussed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Evidence and information for national injection safety policies
Full text linkThe adverse consequences of poor injection practices have been reported for a few decades. However, key elements of evidence and information were lacking to allow decision-makers to formulate policies for the safe and appropriate use of injections. We conducted studies to (1) estimate the frequency of injection use and of poor injection practices, (2) estimate the consequences of poor injection practices in terms of death and disability, (3) formulate best infection control practices for intradermal, subcutaneous and intramuscular injections, (4) quantify the effectiveness of interventions to reduce unnecessary and unsafe use of injections and (5) estimate the cost-effectiveness of national policies for the safe and appropriate use of injections. WHO's Global Burden of Disease project defined 14 regions based on geography and mortality patterns. The analysis excluded four regions (predominantly affluent, developed nations) where reuse of injection equipment in the absence of sterilization was assumed to be negligible. To estimate the frequency of poor injection practices in the year 2000, data sources included published studies and unpublished WHO reports. Studies were reviewed using a standardized decision-making algorithm based upon the quality of the data to generate region-specific estimates of the annual number of injections per person and of the proportion of injections reused in the absence of sterilization. To estimate the consequences of unsafe injections in the year 2000 in terms of death and disability for 2000-2030 as part of the 2000 update of WHO’s Global Burden of Disease study, we modelled the fraction of new injection-associated HBV, HCV and HIV infections on the basis of the annual number of injections, the proportion of injections administered with reused equipment, the probability of transmission following percutaneous exposure, the prevalence of active infection, the prevalence of immunity and the total incidence. Infections in 2000 were converted into disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2000-2030 using natural history parameters, background mortality, duration of disease, disability weights, age weights and a 3% discount rate. A guideline development group summarized evidence-based best practices to prevent injectionassociated
infections in resource-limited settings. The development process included (1) a
breakdown of the WHO reference injection safety definition into a list of potentially critical
steps, (2) a review of the literature for each of these potentially critical steps, (3) the formulation
of best practices and (4) the submission of the draft document to peer review.
To estimate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce the unnecessary and unsafe use of
injections, we searched electronic databases. In addition, we reviewed WHO reports and
unpublished assessments made available to WHO. We selected studies that contained
quantitative and qualitative information on the effect of interventions and that provided
information on study design, type of interventions, targeted participants and targeted behaviours.
To estimate the cost-effectiveness of national policies for the safe and appropriate use of
injections, the consequences in 2000-2030 of a "do nothing" scenario for the year 2000 (as
modelled for the Global Burden of Disease study) were compared to a set of counterfactual
scenarios incorporating the health gains of effective interventions. Resources needed to
implement effective interventions were costed for each sub-region and expressed in international
dollars (I million 905 (average cost-effectiveness per DALY
averted: I$102, range by region: 14-2 293). In 2000, in developing and transitional countries, 16 thousand million injections were
administered for a ratio of 3.4 injections per person. More than a third of all these injections were
administered with injection equipment reused in the absence of sterilization, accounting for a
substantial burden of infection with bloodborne pathogens. Best infection control practices could
make injections safer for the recipient, the health care workers and the community, all the more
as effective interventions are available to reduce injection use and to achieve a safe use of
injections. These interventions can also be considered very cost-effective on the basis of a cost
per DALY averted that is below one year of average per capita income. Remaining areas of
uncertainty include (1) the formulation of routine methods to describe injection use and to
quantify needs of injection equipment, (2) the description of unsafe practices in greater detail to
prevent all opportunities of transmission, (3) the need to generate better estimates of the
proportion of HIV infections that may be attributed to unsafe health care injections, (4) the
identification of the role of engineered technologies in policies to achieve injection safety, (5) the
recovery of experience in the scaling-up of successful interventions and (6) the assessment of the
cost-effectiveness of scaled-up national interventions
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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