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Realismo cristiano e potere politico
No full textThe essays collected in this volume—translated here for the first time for Italian readers—were written between 1934 and 1963, some in the years leading up to the Second World War, others during the most intense phase of the Cold War. The author—described by "Time" magazine in 1948 as the “theologian of the American establishment”—presents the distinctive features of his "Christian realism": one of the most original political theories of the twentieth century, which helped inspire Roosevelt’s New Deal in the United States. In light of both domestic and international developments, Niebuhr addresses political, social, ethical, and theological themes that remain strikingly relevant today: optimism or pessimism in liberal democracies, the role of utopias in political action, the relationship between peace and the Church, the illusions of a world government, the nuclear dilemma, and the need to set limits on military power—even in times of war. The aim is to move beyond tragedy and utopia, to remind twentieth-century humanity of the dramatic mystery of history and the inherent ambiguity of politics
Il mistero della realtà. Immanenza e trascendenza nel «realismo cristiano» di Sant’Agostino e Reinhold Niebuhr
No full textThis essay analyzes “Christian realism,” highlighting the main features of such an approach to political and social reality. The aim is to show how in the thought of St. Augustine and in Niebuhr's reflection there is a contribution that allows politics not to end up stranded in its own inevitable failures, nor even less to be totalizing in its vain claim to success. The thought of the Bishop of Hippo and the U.S. theologian express an anti-perfectist view of any socio-political construction that seeks to avoid both an idealization and a demonization of politics
Realismo politico e realismo cristiano
No full textRealismo è sicuramente uno dei termini più usati e abusati del lessico politico. Dopo aver mostrato come venga spesso interpretato come una visione cinica o a-morale della politica, la voce metterà in luce tanto gli elementi essenziali del “realismo cristiano”, quanto la presenza di un tale concetto all’interno della dottrina sociale della Chiesa. Inoltre, la voce proverà a dimostrare come il “realismo cristiano” rappresenti un utile strumento per sviluppare un più adeguato intendimento della politica che possa allontanare facili illusioni o comportamenti cinici.Realism is one of the most used and abused concepts in the political lexicon. It is often interpreted as a cynical or a-moral view of politics. This dictionary entry provides the essential elements of “Christian realism”, and shows its presence within the Social Doctrine of the Church. By rejecting both the traps of a cynical realism and the illusions of a sentimental idealism, “Christian realism” allows for a better understanding and a more adequate praxis of politics
An Historian’s Approach to Civilization: Arnold J. Toynbee and the Study of International Affairs in the Twentieth Century
No full textArnold Joseph Toynbee was an important but unorthodox observer of world politics. His international thought changed significantly over the course of the twentieth century, from the secular liberal internationalism of his youth to the syncretic religious utopianism that marked his old age. All of his works were an attempt to find a solution to the contemporary international crisis. This chapter examines Toynbee’s contribution to the study of international affairs. It examines the origins and evolution of his international thought, and the role he ascribed to civilizations and religions in the dynamics of world history. In addition, it argues that although some of his work is couched in highly personal and sometimes unclear terms, Toynbee remains a crucial figure in the public debate on world politics of his time
Oltre la tragedia e l'utopia. Realismo cristiano, potere politico e speranza in Reinhold Niebuhr
No full textThe essays contained in this volume aim to demonstrate not only the distinctive character of Niebuhr’s Christian realism, but above all its capacity to move beyond both tragedy and utopia. The volume gathers twelve essays, spanning a period from 1934 to 1963. The first six essays were written in the years preceding the outbreak of the Second World War or during its first year. At that time, the author’s main concern was, on the one hand, to challenge liberal illusions about domestic and international politics and, on the other, to support the defense of Western Europe against Adolf Hitler’s Germany. The final six essays were written during the most intense phase of the Cold War. Although his analyses from the 1930s never fully rejected a Marxian perspective, Niebuhr—aware of the threat posed by the Soviet Union—became one of the foremost Christian advocates of the American policy of containing communism. Yet he consistently remained a critical voice against the illusions of U.S. foreign policy, as demonstrated by his strong opposition to the Vietnam War. In offering his historical and political judgment, the Protestant theologian—as a Christian realist—thus appears capable of going beyond both tragedy and utopia. More than a coherent system of thought containing easy solutions to complex problems, Niebuhr’s reflection offers a *method* through which to engage in a form of critical thinking. In the face of any contradictory or negative experience, what prevails is never a disenchanted cynicism or an illusory perfectionism, but rather—and ultimately—hope
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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