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Il "mito" della collaborazione di giustizia nella logica della finalità rieducativa della pena
No full textIl presente elaborato ha l’obiettivo di analizzare la disciplina della legislazione antimafia nella logica della finalità rieducativa della pena, più nello specifico dell’istituto della collaborazione della giustizia e della sua funzione premiale riservata ai soggetti c.d. “pentiti".
All’interno dell’elaborato verrà trattata la nascita della normativa antimafia, che muove i suoi primi passi seguendo quanto già messo in atto dalla disciplina premiale antiterrorismo degli anni Ottanta e si analizzeranno i primi decreti emergenziali e le successive leggi di applicazione.
Si analizzerà il sistema premiale previsto per i collaboratori di giustizia, mettendone in risalto da un lato la positività di tale sistema e i risultati che ne derivarono soprattutto in seguito alle stragi di mafia avvenute nei primi anni Novanta del secolo scorso e dall’altro lato si analizzeranno le critiche mosse a tale sistema che negli ultimi trent’anni hanno accompagnato la normativa antimafia e la lotta alla criminalità organizzata da parte dello Stato.
Dalle critiche mosse nel corso degli anni Novanta e a causa di un sistema carente sotto molti aspetti, principalmente perché nato in un momento di grande emergenza per il nostro Paese, furono apportate modifiche alla normativa sui collaboratori di giustizia con la Legge n.45/2001, normativa tutt’ora in vigore e posta alla base della disciplina antimafia.
Di questa legge si analizzerà più nello specifico il dettato riservato ai benefici penitenziari per i collaboratori di giustizia e la possibilità di accedervi, al contrario di quanto avveniva fino a quel momento, soltanto dopo il loro ingresso negli istituti penitenziari non essendo più automatico che chiunque collabori debba essere sottoposto a programma di protezione.
Punto centrale e posto alla base di tale elaborato sarà infatti la finalità rieducativa della pena nella logica della disciplina riservata ai collaboratori di giustizia. Dall’entrata in vigore della disciplina antimafia fino ad oggi molte sono state le critiche mosse, critiche provenienti dal mondo accademico, dalla magistratura e dall’opinione pubblica.
Ci si è chiesti se realmente un soggetto collaboratore di giustizia possa essere ritenuto davvero un “pentito”, se realmente quindi si possa ritenere un soggetto rieducato e che possa accedere ai benefici premiali, e a sconti di pena solamente perchè decida di collaborare con l’autorità giudiziaria e non alla luce di un vero e proprio trattamento individuale rieducativo.
Il principio rieducativo è uno dei principi cardine dell’ordinamento penitenziario, disciplinato dall’art.27, comma 3 della Costituzione e la disciplina antimafia trova applicazione specialmente all’interno della fase esecutiva della pena, prevedendo l’accesso ai benefici penitenziari per i soggetti collaboranti ed escludendone l’accesso ai soggetti c.d. irriducibili.
Tale previsione, il c.d. “doppio binario”, ha portato con l’applicazione degli artt. 4 bis o.p. e 58 ter o.p., a domandarsi se la compressione della finalità rieducativa per i soggetti non collaboranti fosse costituzionalmente legittima e soprattutto: quanto realmente si può ritenere rieducato un soggetto che decide di collaborare con la giustizia? E quanto si può ritenere pericoloso un soggetto che al contrario decida di non collaborare e quindi di scontare la sua pena integralmente e perciò impossibilitato dalla stessa normativa a poter richiedere l’applicazione di benefici penitenziari, una volta scontata la pena richiesta per la loro applicazione?
La corte costituzionale che fino al 2019 aveva ritenuto legittima la normativa antimafia e l’istituto della collaborazione di giustizia (ritenendo che tale disciplina fosse sì nata da una scelta di politica criminale, come affermò la stessa corte nella sentenza 306/1993, ma che non per questo si poteva ritenere l’istituto dell’ostatività ai benefici penitenziari previsto per i soggetti “irriducibili” e la normativa premiale per i collaboratori di giustizia come incostituzionale), ha iniziato a sollevare dubbi di legittimità costituzionale soprattutto riguardo alla presunzione assoluta di pericolosità dei soggetti non collaboranti che ne determinava lo sbarramento per la richiesta dei benefici penitenziari e dei permessi premio.
Nella parte conclusiva dell’elaborato si analizzeranno le sentenze, europee e della Corte Costituzionale e le ordinanze che hanno portato alla riscrittura della disciplina riservata ai non collaboranti e soprattutto a come la finalità rieducativa della pena stia tornando al centro dell’esecuzione penale anche per i soggetti condannati per reati di stampo mafioso.
This paper aims to analyze the anti-mafia legislation within the framework of the rehabilitative purpose of punishment, specifically the institution of judicial cooperation and its rewarding function reserved for so-called "repentants."
This paper will address the birth of anti-mafia legislation, which took its first steps following the anti-terrorism rewards framework of the 1980s. It will also analyze the first emergency decrees and subsequent implementing laws.
It will analyze the reward system for judicial collaborators, highlighting, on the one hand, its positive aspects and the results it achieved, especially following the Mafia massacres of the early 1990s. On the other hand, it will analyze the criticisms leveled against this system that have accompanied anti-mafia legislation and the state's fight against organized crime over the past thirty years.
In response to criticisms leveled during the 1990s and a system lacking in many respects, primarily because it was created during a time of great emergency for our country, changes were made to the legislation on collaborators of justice with Law No. 45/2001, a law still in force today and the foundation of anti-mafia legislation.
This law will be analyzed in more detail: the provisions regarding prison benefits for collaborators of justice and the possibility of accessing them, unlike what had occurred until then, only after their entry into prison; it is no longer automatic that anyone who collaborates must be placed under a protection program.
The central and underlying focus of this paper will be the re-educational purpose of punishment within the framework of the legislation governing collaborators of justice. Since the enactment of the anti-mafia legislation until today, there has been considerable criticism, from academia, the judiciary, and the public.
The question has been raised as to whether a person who cooperates with justice can truly be considered a "repentant"—whether, therefore, they can truly be considered re-educated and eligible for rewards and sentence reductions solely because they decide to cooperate with the judicial authorities, and not as a result of actual individual re-educational treatment.
The principle of re-education is one of the cornerstones of the penitentiary system, governed by Article 27, paragraph 3 of the Constitution. Anti-mafia legislation applies especially during the execution phase of sentences, providing access to penitentiary benefits for those who cooperate and excluding access to so-called "irreducible" individuals.
This provision, the so-called "double track," has led, with the application of Articles 4 bis of the penal code. and 58 ter of the Criminal Procedure Code, to ask whether the restriction of the re-educational purpose for non-cooperating individuals was constitutionally legitimate and, above all, to what extent can a person who decides to cooperate with justice be considered re-educated? And to what extent can a person be considered dangerous who, on the contrary, decides not to cooperate and therefore to serve his sentence in full, and is therefore prevented by the same legislation from requesting the application of prison benefits, once he has served the sentence required for their application?
The Constitutional Court, which until 2019 had deemed the anti-mafia legislation and the institution of judicial cooperation legitimate (considering that this legislation was indeed born out of a criminal policy choice, as the court itself affirmed in ruling 306/1993, but that this did not mean that the institution of impediment to prison benefits provided for "irreducible" individuals and the bonus legislation for judicial cooperation could be considered unconstitutional), began to raise doubts about the constitutionality of the legislation, especially regarding the absolute presumption of dangerousness of non-collaborating individuals, which determined the barrier to their requesting prison benefits and reward permits.
The final section of the paper will analyze the European and Constitutional Court rulings and ordinances that led to the rewriting of the rules governing non-cooperation, and, above all, how the re-educational purpose of punishment is returning to the forefront of criminal enforcement, even for those convicted of mafia-related crimes
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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