1,720,960 research outputs found
Defining Bilingualism
Get PDFBilingualism is not new, and people have been speaking more than one language since ancient times. Despite the world’s bilinguals being the majority, a definition of the term “bilingualism” lacks universal consensus and the language sciences and related disciplines have developed multiple descriptions and interpretations throughout the last century (Hamers & Blanc, 2000).
In order for an all-encompassing definition to be established, factors such as the age of language acquisition and the domains of use (Bialystok, 2015; Grosjean, 2014; Li, 2000), which all influence bilingualism must be considered. Whilst this bilingual diversity has restricted the establishment of a clear definition, we are left to ask ourselves how can we measure bilingual competence if there is no clear definition? With so many factors influencing a bilingual is it even possible for a definition to be developed? This is a major area which remains a challenge to the field as bilingualism scholars call for measurement tools to be developed in order to make research more uniform and reliable (The Authors, 2011).departmental bulletin pape
The Language of the Navajo: Will It Exist in 30 Years?
No full textThe way the Navajo community has been treated through the colonialism of the European settlers, amounts to virtual cultural genocide. Here we examine the Navajo’s major institutions, typical domains for the use of the Navajo language, and their access to language maintenance resources, as we consider the likelihood of the language surviving the next 30 years. Colonialism and its contempt for indigenous languages brought with it assimilationist policies, including punishment for speaking the native Navajo language, and a policy of “English only” education. The resulting loss of language produced a corresponding loss of identity for many Navajo, and resulted in immense suffering amongst the Navajo people. Despite international recognition by powerful groups, and a movement to encourage the preservation of the language, federal policies and laws have failed to support these policies, and this raises serious questions about the survival of the Navajo language
Study Habits of Students at a Two-Year Tertiary Institution
Get PDFUnderstanding our students’study habits can contribute to how we teach, what we teach and what we designate as home learning. Little research appears to exist on Japanese university students’ study habits and it is through this study that the researcher presents her findings regarding the study habits of students at an all-female two-year junior college. These results show the data collected from 104 first and second year students who participated in an anonymous questionnaire. Armed with this knowledge it is hoped that students may reflect on their study habits and teachers may be better equipped to teach them.departmental bulletin pape
To What Extent is Speaking a Heritage Language an Essential Part of Maintaining Ethnic Identity?
No full textColonialist imperialism and globalisation have been a linguistic and anthropological disaster, with large numbers of languages and cultures being completely wiped out. People have lost their voice, their lands and their identities. An examination of the literature investigating a range of linguistic groups, shows that language and identity are inextricably linked. People who have lost their heritage language have often lost their connection with their community, their identity and therefore themselves. They often have a lower level of education, and can experience social problems. In the past few decades, researchers have shown that for a firm identity to exist, it’s crucial to have proficiency in one’s heritage language. While this has led to several positive steps, including the UN’s declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, these initiatives often stop at recognition, and few, if any, steps are actually taken to preserve and maintain ethnic identities and heritage languages
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
The Language of the Navajo: Will It Exist in 30 Years?
Get PDFThe way the Navajo community has been treated through the colonialism of the European settlers, amounts to virtual cultural genocide. Here we examine the Navajo’s major institutions, typical domains for the use of the Navajo language, and their access to language maintenance resources, as we consider the likelihood of the language surviving the next 30 years. Colonialism and its contempt for indigenous languages brought with it assimilationist policies, including punishment for speaking the native Navajo language, and a policy of “English only” education. The resulting loss of language produced a corresponding loss of identity for many Navajo, and resulted in immense suffering amongst the Navajo people. Despite international recognition by powerful groups, and a movement to encourage the preservation of the language, federal policies and laws have failed to support these policies, and this raises serious questions about the survival of the Navajo language.departmental bulletin pape
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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