608 research outputs found
Ragnar Rylander et Isabelle Megevand (sous la direction de), « Introduction à la médecine de l'environnement ». 1993
No full textR. L. Ragnar Rylander et Isabelle Megevand (sous la direction de), « Introduction à la médecine de l'environnement ». 1993. In: Revue Juridique de l'Environnement, n°3, 1997. pp. 463-464
Lung cancer risk in subjects exposed to organic dust: an unexpected and surprising story
No full textThe Emerging Federal Role in Growth Management
No full textIn his comment, The Emerging Federal Role in Growth Management, author Jason Rylander argues for a more prominent federal role in state and local land use decisions. The author champions the Clinton-Gore Livability Agenda, a recent proposal designed to encourage state and local governments to adopt certain land use restrictions in exchange for substantial federal funding. Urban sprawl and the resulting traffic congestion experienced by an increasing number of U.S. cities is the fuel behind this sweeping enterprise. Federal intervention in land use policy is not a new phenomenon. The comment documents the numerous federal housing and land use programs implemented in the New Deal era, and suggests that federal intervention into contemporary state and local land planning decisions should be endorsed rather than viewed with suspicion as a threat to federalism. The author evaluates the recent federalism jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court and concludes that conditioning federal funds on state and local acquiescence of their land use policies to the federal government passes Constitutional muster
Weight change and cancer
No full textBackground: The obesity prevalence has reached pandemic dimensions. The cancer incidence has also increased worldwide, and several cancers are related to body fatness. However, there are uncertainties weather the velocity and magnitude of weight gain, independent of body fatness, increase cancer risk. Moreover, there are few studies on short-term weight gain and site-specific cancers. Thus, our aim was to study weight change over 6–7 years in relation to all and specific body fatness-related cancers in women in Norway.
Methods: We used Cox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic splines to assess weight change and subsequent cancer incidence, in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study. Further, we calculated population attributable fractions to assess the impact of weight gain on the body fatness-related cancer burden.
Results: Short-term weight gain, independent of body weight status, was associated with increased risk of all body fatness-related cancers combined, and several site-specific cancers, in a non-linear dose-response manner. Women who gained more than 10kg had a two-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Moreover, stable weight could have prevented 43% of pancreatic cancers cases in women in Norway diagnosed in 1998–2015, as well as 4299 postmenopausal breast cancer cases and 2798 colorectal cancer cases.
Conclusions: Avoiding weight gain has important implications for public health interventions, as several cancers seem to be preventable through weight maintenance. Our results on pancreatic cancer are novel and of upmost importance given the poor prognosis of the disease and increased rate in women, both in Norway and worldwide
Development of a Hollow-Core Fiberoptic Microneedle Device for the Treatment of Invasive Bladder Cancer
No full textThe hydraulic resistance characterization manuscript chronicles the early development of the hollow-core fiberoptic microneedle device (FMD). The study determined that for straight tubing with an inner bore of 150 ?m and a length greater than 50 mm long, Poiseuille's Law was shown to be accurate within 12% of experimental data for the pressure range of 69-517 kPa. Comparison between different needle design geometries indicated that tip diameters <55 ?m cause a significant increase in hydraulic resistance. Tubing length should be kept to a minimum and tip diameter should be kept above this threshold to reduce overall hydraulic resistance.
The bladder treatment study describes the fabrication and testing of the FMD for treatment of invasive urothelial cell carcinomas (UCCs). Experiments investigating the fluid dispersal of single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) in the wall of inflated, healthy ex vivo bladders demonstrated that perfusion of 2 cm° on the bladder wall's surface can be achieved with a 5 minute infusion at 50 ?L/min. Irradiation of the SWNH perfused bladder wall tissue with a free space, 1064 nm laser at an irradiance of 0.95 W/cm° for 40 seconds yielded a 480% temperature increase relative to similar irradiation of a non-infused control. Co-delivery experiments demonstrated both SWNH and light delivery though a single hollow-core fiber to heat the bladder wall 33 °C with an irradiance of 400 W/cm°, demonstrating that the FMD can be used to achieve hyperthermia-based therapeutic effects via interstitial irradiation.Master of Scienc
Work related injuries: estimating the incidence among illegally employed immigrants
No full textAbstract Background Statistics on occupational accidents are based on data from registered employees. With the increasing number of immigrants employed illegally and/or without regular working visas in many developed countries, it is of interest to estimate the injury rate among such unregistered workers. Findings The current study was conducted in an area of North-Eastern Italy. The sources of information employed in the present study were the Accidents and Emergencies records of a hospital; the population data on foreign-born residents in the hospital catchment area (Health Care District 4, Primary Care Trust 20, Province of Verona, Veneto Region, North-Eastern Italy); and the estimated proportion of illegally employed workers in representative samples from the Province of Verona and the Veneto Region. Of the 419 A&E records collected between January and December 2004 among non European Union (non-EU) immigrants, 146 aroused suspicion by reporting the home, rather than the workplace, as the site of the accident. These cases were the numerator of the rate. The number of illegally employed non-EU workers, denominator of the rate, was estimated according to different assumptions and ranged from between 537 to 1,338 individuals. The corresponding rates varied from 109.1 to 271.8 per 1,000 non-EU illegal employees, against 65 per 1,000 reported in Italy in 2004. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that there is an unrecorded burden of illegally employed immigrants suffering from work related injuries. Additional efforts for prevention of injuries in the workplace are required to decrease this number. It can be concluded that the Italian National Institute for the Insurance of Work Related Injuries (INAIL) probably underestimates the incidence of these accidents in Italy.</p
Exposure to Hydrogen Peroxide and Eye and Nose Symptoms Among Workers in a Beverage Processing Plant
No full textAbstract
OBJECTIVES:
Two cross-sectional studies were undertaken on workers in a beverage processing plant to investigate the association between low H(2)O(2) exposure and symptoms of irritation (2005 study) and to investigate the effect of wearing respiratory protection (2006 study).
METHODS:
The study comprised 69 workers exposed to H(2)O(2) in sterile chambers and 65 unexposed controls. The exposure was assessed from measurements and work task information from employment records. The severity of work-related symptoms was evaluated using questionnaires. Data were analyzed by the Student's t-test, multiple linear regression and analysis of variance for repeated measures of symptoms.
RESULTS:
Symptoms of eye, nose and throat irritation were significantly (P < 0.001) more severe among exposed workers compared to controls. Exposure values were occasionally above American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value-time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) in the sterile chambers. The relationship between the severity of symptoms and the number of entrances in the chambers was significant (P < 0.0001) in 2005 but not in 2006, when respirators were used during work in the sterile chamber. No differences were found between exposed who entered a sterile chamber in 2005 but not in 2006 and exposed who entered a sterile chamber both in 2005 and 2006. This suggests that respirators provided an efficient protection and that the irritative effects of exposure to H(2)O(2) in 2005 did not disappear after 1 year.
CONCLUSIONS:
The source of risk was exposure in the sterile chamber, even though the time of exposure was generally only approximately 30 min. To ensure complete worker protection, there is a need for a short-term exposure limit for H(2)O(2) in addition to the existing ACGIH TLV-TWA value
Involvement of non-dopaminergic systems in L-DOPA-induced dyskinsia
No full textParkinson's disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) does not merely involve the dopamine (DA) system but also include non-dopaminergic systems such as glutamate and serotonin (5-HT). An aberrant glutamate transmission at the corticostriatal synapse, has been linked to LID. Pharmacological agents to glutamate receptors at this synapse, (of which some are already clinically tested), could prevent the aberrant signalling and the consecutive development of LID. In this thesis, a rat model of the disease was used for evaluating and comparing the following substances for their effects on akinesia or dyskinesia as well as LID-associated molecular and morphological alterations: 1) antagonist for L-type calcium channels, 2) antagonist of the NR2B subtype selective NMDA receptor, 3) agonist of the presynaptic mGluR2/3, 4) antagonist of postsynaptic mGluR1 and 5) mGluR5. Animals were treated chronically with a clinical relevant dose of L-DOPA with or without cotreatment with any of the antagonist/agonist. The L-type calcium channel antagonist isradipine, was shown inefficient in reducing LID. But notably, when isradipine was at an earlier time-point (i.e. at the time of DA denervation) it could prevent pathological alteration in morphology of striatal neurons (induced by the DA depletion), and reduce the development of LID. Therefore, isradipine could, in a prophylactic way, reduce the development of dyskinesia. When comparing the different glutamate targets (given after the DA denervation), results showed that the target of mGluR5 was superior to all other receptors/channel, in relieving LID without compromising the therapeutic effect of L-DOPA. Prompted by these results, another mGluR5 antagonist fenobam, that has been clinically tested, was evaluated in both rat and monkey model of PD. A more efficient alleviation of LID was achieved with a maximum effect of 70%. Thereby, fenobam represents the most effective “antiglutamatergic” drug so far tested in experimental models of Parkinson's and acts similarly in rat and primate models of LID. The second half of the thesis evaluates the 5-HT system. In the DA depleted striatum, L-DOPA is primarily taken up and converted to DA, in the residual striatal 5-HT terminals. However, these do not have an autoregulatory machinery for DA release, and causes excessive DA release as a risk factor for dyskinesia. Here, a new mechanism of maladaptive plasticity induced by chronic L-DOPA treatment was revealed. Analysis of rat and monkey models of LID and post-mortem tissue from PD patients consistently showed a positive association between striatal 5-HT fibre density and the severity of LID. This growth-promoting effect was paralleled with a greater stimulus-evoked DA release in dyskinetic animals compared to saline controls. Taken together, a maladaptive plasticity of 5-HT fibres in the striatum, could be seen as a susceptibility factor for the development of LID. Moreover, it could provide a biomarker for LID
Involvement of non-dopaminergic systems in L-DOPA-induced dyskinsia
No full textPopular Abstract in Swedish Parkinsons sjukdom är en av våra vanligaste ålderssjukdomar i Sverige och drabbar en procent av befolkningen över 50 år. De karaktäristiska symptomen: skakningar, långsamma rörelser och stelhet orsakas i huvudsak av en förlust av nervceller som producerar signalsubstansen dopamin i hjärnan. Den mest effektiva behandlingen är L-DOPA, som i hjärnan omvandlas till dopamin. L-DOPA verkar mycket effektivt under de första behandlingsåren men orsakar hos de allra flesta patienter på sikt svåra komplikationer i form av dyskinesier. Dessa ter sig som onormala, ofrivilliga rörelser likt spasmer och innebär om de blir grava ett stort funktionshinder. Orsaken till dyskinesierna är ännu inte helt klarlagda. Jag har i min avhandling undersökt två system: glutamat och serotonin, som båda tros spela viktig roll vid uppkomsten av biverkningarna. Med hjälp av antagonister till receptorer på celler kan man inhibera cellerna och desras system. Sådana antagonister, till t.ex. glutamatreceptorer,skulle tillsammans med L-DOPA kunna utgöra en bättre behandling för patienter med betydligt mindre eller helt utan dyskinesier. I en beprövad råttmodell för Parkinsons förloras dopamincellerna i hjärnan efter en injektion av ett cellspecifikt gift. I sådan råttmodell har jag i avhandlingens första del, jämfört effekterna av olika antagonister till glutamatsystemet. Djuren behandlades under ett par veckor med L-DOPA tillsammans med en av de olika antagonisterna. Råttornas grad av dyskinesi samt den positiva (terapeutiska) effekten av L-DOPA mättes med beteendetester. Resultaten visade att djur som behandlades med L-DOPA tillsammans med en antagonist till receptorn metabotrof glutamat receptor 5 (mGluR5), hade mindre dyskinesi än de djur som behandlats med andra antagonister eller endast L-DOPA. För att föra denna upptäckt närmare klinisk relevans provades även en kliniskt testad mGluR5-antagonist fenobam. Fenobam gav tillsammans med L-DOPA en förlängd terapeutisk effekt med upp till 70% minskade dyskinesieri både rått- och apmodell av sjukdomen. Även en annan antagonist till glutamatsystemet som specifikt blockerar s.k. kalciumkanaler kunde minska på dyskinesierna i råtta, men endast om antagonisten gavs i ett tidigt stadium av den Parkinsonliknande skadan. Detta eftersom antagonisten då kunde förhindra skadliga cellförändringarna i hjärnan. I den andra delen av avhandlingen har jag undersökt serotoninsystemet. Parkinsons sjukdom orsakar även en mindre förlust av nervceller som producerar serotonin. I en omfattande studie på råtta och apa liksom analys av hjärnvävnad från avlidna Parkinsonpatienter, visade vi för första gången att dyskinesi är kopplat till en högre densitet av serotonincellers utskott. L-DOPA-behandling orsakade en tillväxt och förgrening av dessa utskott i hjärnan. En sådan tillväxt kan gynna dyskinesier genom att leda till en förhöjd och skadlig frisättning av dopamin i hjärnan efter en L-DOPA administration. Även om hög serotoninhalt i hjärnan kan vara godartad vid t.ex. depression, visar min avhandling att den vanligaste och mest effektiva behandlingen för Parkinsons sjukdom (L-DOPA) leder till en ökad tillväxt av serotoninceller som i sin tur utgör en stor riskfaktor för dyskinesi. Sammantaget visar denna avhandling potentiella framtida mediciner som tillsammans med L-DOPA kan ge en bättre behandling för Parkinsonspatienter. Både fenobam (mGluR5-antagonisten) och isradipin (som blockerar kalciumkanaler) är dessutom redan testade i människa. Medan isradipine endast borde verka när den ges ett tidigt skede av sjukdomen verkar fenobam ha en positiv effekt även när Parkinsons fortskridit. Vidare visar denna avhandling på en ny patologisk förändring av serotoninsystemet efter kronisk L-DOPA-behandling. Denna förändring kan ses som en viktig riskfaktor för komplikationerna och bör beaktas vid behandlingen. Förhoppningsvis kan vi i framtiden hitta lämpligare behandlingar så att fler Parkinsonspatienter kan få ett bra liv trots Parkinson, eller som för en drabbad utryckte det ”ett bättre livtrots Parkinsons”.Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) does not merely involve the dopamine (DA) system but also include non-dopaminergic systems such as glutamate and serotonin (5-HT). An aberrant glutamate transmission at the corticostriatal synapse, has been linked to LID. Pharmacological agents to glutamate receptors at this synapse, (of which some are already clinically tested), could prevent the aberrant signalling and the consecutive development of LID. In this thesis, a rat model of the disease was used for evaluating and comparing the following substances for their effects on akinesia or dyskinesia as well as LID-associated molecular and morphological alterations: 1) antagonist for L-type calcium channels, 2) antagonist of the NR2B subtype selective NMDA receptor, 3) agonist of the presynaptic mGluR2/3, 4) antagonist of postsynaptic mGluR1 and 5) mGluR5. Animals were treated chronically with a clinical relevant dose of L-DOPA with or without cotreatment with any of the antagonist/agonist. The L-type calcium channel antagonist isradipine, was shown inefficient in reducing LID. But notably, when isradipine was at an earlier time-point (i.e. at the time of DA denervation) it could prevent pathological alteration in morphology of striatal neurons (induced by the DA depletion), and reduce the development of LID. Therefore, isradipine could, in a prophylactic way, reduce the development of dyskinesia. When comparing the different glutamate targets (given after the DA denervation), results showed that the target of mGluR5 was superior to all other receptors/channel, in relieving LID without compromising the therapeutic effect of L-DOPA. Prompted by these results, another mGluR5 antagonist fenobam, that has been clinically tested, was evaluated in both rat and monkey model of PD. A more efficient alleviation of LID was achieved with a maximum effect of 70%. Thereby, fenobam represents the most effective “antiglutamatergic” drug so far tested in experimental models of Parkinson's and acts similarly in rat and primate models of LID. The second half of the thesis evaluates the 5-HT system. In the DA depleted striatum, L-DOPA is primarily taken up and converted to DA, in the residual striatal 5-HT terminals. However, these do not have an autoregulatory machinery for DA release, and causes excessive DA release as a risk factor for dyskinesia. Here, a new mechanism of maladaptive plasticity induced by chronic L-DOPA treatment was revealed. Analysis of rat and monkey models of LID and post-mortem tissue from PD patients consistently showed a positive association between striatal 5-HT fibre density and the severity of LID. This growth-promoting effect was paralleled with a greater stimulus-evoked DA release in dyskinetic animals compared to saline controls. Taken together, a maladaptive plasticity of 5-HT fibres in the striatum, could be seen as a susceptibility factor for the development of LID. Moreover, it could provide a biomarker for LID
SWCPC 332 E1 Foundation of the 2nd two story home, built in Lubbock by F.E. Wheelock (deceased) 1898. House still standing at 1602 Ave L (1937).
No full textGift of Dorothy Rylander, 197
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