25 research outputs found
Relation de la prise de l\u27île de Saint-Vincent, sous le commandement du comte d\u27Estaing
No full textA Bordeaux, chez Pallandre aîné, lib. vis-à-vis de la Fontaine du Poisson-Salé. Au grand Montesquieu. Avec permissio
Les combattants de 1870-71 / par le commandant L. Rousset,... ; préface du général Thoumas ; illustrations de M. Pallandre
No full textMémoire sur l'"horse bread" ou pain de cheval, destiné à remplacer l'avoine... par MM. Legros et Pallandre,...
No full textAvec mode text
Variation of the sacroiliac joint in Carnivorans
No full textCette étude porte sur la morphologie de l'articulation sacro-iliaque chez les félidés et les canidés. La structure de l'articulation est abordée par différentes techniques telles que l'anatomie descriptive et comparée, la morphométrie géométrique, ou l’imagerie CT-scan. Quatre caractéristiques majeures de la forme de la surface articulaire iliaque ont été retenues pour la décrire : l’angle entre les surfaces articulaires défini comme l’angle inter-iliaque, sa forme générale, sa topographie et la forme de son contour. Ces propriétés sont mises en relation avec la masse des espèces étudiées en lien avec le comportement de prédation caractérisé, entre autre, par le type de proies sélectionnées. Selon que les proies sont plus lourdes ou moins lourdes que le prédateur, les comportements de capture et de mise à mort diffèrent considérablement. Dans le premier cas, la proie est maintenue pendant que le prédateur exerce une morsure suffocante. Soutenir cette morsure implique le système crânien et l’ensemble du système postcrânien. Dans le second cas, le prédateur peut capturer et tuer sa proie en n’utilisant que les membres antérieurs et le système trophique. Nous avons également testé les types de locomotion actuellement déterminés chez les Carnivores sur les propriétés morpho-géométriques de l'articulation. En résumé, l'impact de la locomotion est relativement négligeable. Par contre, la sélection de proies de masse supérieure à celle du prédateur impacte la forme de l'articulation, conduisant à une diminution de sa mobilité. Nous suggérons que le comportement prédateur a joué, au cours de l’évolution, un rôle déterminant sur les caractéristiques de l'articulation, optimisant le verrouillage entre l’ilium et le sacrum. Nous estimons que ce verrouillage, chez les félins sélectionnant des proies de taille supérieure ou égale à la leur, permette au prédateur, par le transfert d'une force antéropostérieure, une diminution de la dépense énergétique lors du maintien de la morsure, et que la production d’une force recul soit caractéristique de la prédation chez les mammifères. Chez les petits félins sélectionnant des proies dont la taille est inférieure à la leur, les possibilités de glissement articulaire sont plus marquées. L'étude préliminaire de l’articulation sacro-iliaque des canidés, dont les comportements locomoteur et prédateur diffèrent de celui des félidés, montre qu'il n'y a pas d'effet de la sélection des proies ni de la locomotion sur la forme de l’articulation. Il est donc possible de proposer que le comportement de prédation, au moins au même titre que la locomotion, ait eu un impact sur l'évolution de la forme de l'articulation sacro-iliaque chez les Carnivores, en particulier chez les félidés.This study focuses on the morphology of the sacroiliac joint in felids and canids. The structure of the joint is investigated by using different techniques such as descriptive and comparative anatomy, geometric morphometrics, or CT-scan imaging. Four major features of the shape of the iliac articular surface were retained to describe it: the angle between iliac articular surfaces defined as the interiliac angle, its general shape, its topography and the shape of its outline. These properties are related to the mass of studied species in relation to the predation behavior characterized, among other ecological factors, by prey selection. Depending on whether the prey is heavier or lighter than the predator, catching and killing behaviors differ considerably. In the first case, the prey is maintained while the predator sustains a suffocating bite. Supporting this bite involves the cranial system and the entire postcranial system. In the second case, the predator captures and kills prey by only using the forelimbs and the trophic system. We also tested locomotor categories currently determined in carnivores on the morpho-geometric properties of the joint. In summary, the impact of locomotion is relatively negligible. In contrast, the selection of prey heavier than predator’s own mass impacts the shape of the articulation leading to a decrease of its mobility. We suggest that predatory behavior played a decisive role in the evolution of the characteristics of the joint during evolution, optimizing the locking between the ilium and the sacrum. We believe that in felines selecting prey larger than or equal to them, this interlocking favors a decrease in energy expenditure during the maintenance of the bite by the transfer of an anteroposterior force, and that the production of a recoil force is characteristic of predation in mammals. In small cats selecting prey smaller than them, the possibilities of articular sliding are more marked. The preliminary study of the sacro-iliac joint in canids, whose locomotor and predator behavior differ from that of felids, shows that there is no effect of prey selection or locomotion on the shape of the joint. It is therefore possible to propose that predatory behavior, at least as much as locomotor behavior, had an impact on the evolution of the sacro-iliac joint shape in carnivores, especially in felids
Etude de la variation de l'articulation sacro-iliaque chez les carnivores
No full textThis study focuses on the morphology of the sacroiliac joint in felids and canids. The structure of the joint is investigated by using different techniques such as descriptive and comparative anatomy, geometric morphometrics, or CT-scan imaging. Four major features of the shape of the iliac articular surface were retained to describe it: the angle between iliac articular surfaces defined as the interiliac angle, its general shape, its topography and the shape of its outline. These properties are related to the mass of studied species in relation to the predation behavior characterized, among other ecological factors, by prey selection. Depending on whether the prey is heavier or lighter than the predator, catching and killing behaviors differ considerably. In the first case, the prey is maintained while the predator sustains a suffocating bite. Supporting this bite involves the cranial system and the entire postcranial system. In the second case, the predator captures and kills prey by only using the forelimbs and the trophic system. We also tested locomotor categories currently determined in carnivores on the morpho-geometric properties of the joint. In summary, the impact of locomotion is relatively negligible. In contrast, the selection of prey heavier than predator’s own mass impacts the shape of the articulation leading to a decrease of its mobility. We suggest that predatory behavior played a decisive role in the evolution of the characteristics of the joint during evolution, optimizing the locking between the ilium and the sacrum. We believe that in felines selecting prey larger than or equal to them, this interlocking favors a decrease in energy expenditure during the maintenance of the bite by the transfer of an anteroposterior force, and that the production of a recoil force is characteristic of predation in mammals. In small cats selecting prey smaller than them, the possibilities of articular sliding are more marked. The preliminary study of the sacro-iliac joint in canids, whose locomotor and predator behavior differ from that of felids, shows that there is no effect of prey selection or locomotion on the shape of the joint. It is therefore possible to propose that predatory behavior, at least as much as locomotor behavior, had an impact on the evolution of the sacro-iliac joint shape in carnivores, especially in felids.Cette étude porte sur la morphologie de l'articulation sacro-iliaque chez les félidés et les canidés. La structure de l'articulation est abordée par différentes techniques telles que l'anatomie descriptive et comparée, la morphométrie géométrique, ou l’imagerie CT-scan. Quatre caractéristiques majeures de la forme de la surface articulaire iliaque ont été retenues pour la décrire : l’angle entre les surfaces articulaires défini comme l’angle inter-iliaque, sa forme générale, sa topographie et la forme de son contour. Ces propriétés sont mises en relation avec la masse des espèces étudiées en lien avec le comportement de prédation caractérisé, entre autre, par le type de proies sélectionnées. Selon que les proies sont plus lourdes ou moins lourdes que le prédateur, les comportements de capture et de mise à mort diffèrent considérablement. Dans le premier cas, la proie est maintenue pendant que le prédateur exerce une morsure suffocante. Soutenir cette morsure implique le système crânien et l’ensemble du système postcrânien. Dans le second cas, le prédateur peut capturer et tuer sa proie en n’utilisant que les membres antérieurs et le système trophique. Nous avons également testé les types de locomotion actuellement déterminés chez les Carnivores sur les propriétés morpho-géométriques de l'articulation. En résumé, l'impact de la locomotion est relativement négligeable. Par contre, la sélection de proies de masse supérieure à celle du prédateur impacte la forme de l'articulation, conduisant à une diminution de sa mobilité. Nous suggérons que le comportement prédateur a joué, au cours de l’évolution, un rôle déterminant sur les caractéristiques de l'articulation, optimisant le verrouillage entre l’ilium et le sacrum. Nous estimons que ce verrouillage, chez les félins sélectionnant des proies de taille supérieure ou égale à la leur, permette au prédateur, par le transfert d'une force antéropostérieure, une diminution de la dépense énergétique lors du maintien de la morsure, et que la production d’une force recul soit caractéristique de la prédation chez les mammifères. Chez les petits félins sélectionnant des proies dont la taille est inférieure à la leur, les possibilités de glissement articulaire sont plus marquées. L'étude préliminaire de l’articulation sacro-iliaque des canidés, dont les comportements locomoteur et prédateur diffèrent de celui des félidés, montre qu'il n'y a pas d'effet de la sélection des proies ni de la locomotion sur la forme de l’articulation. Il est donc possible de proposer que le comportement de prédation, au moins au même titre que la locomotion, ait eu un impact sur l'évolution de la forme de l'articulation sacro-iliaque chez les Carnivores, en particulier chez les félidés
Etude de la variation de l'articulation sacro-iliaque chez les carnivores
No full textThis study focuses on the morphology of the sacroiliac joint in felids and canids. The structure of the joint is investigated by using different techniques such as descriptive and comparative anatomy, geometric morphometrics, or CT-scan imaging. Four major features of the shape of the iliac articular surface were retained to describe it: the angle between iliac articular surfaces defined as the interiliac angle, its general shape, its topography and the shape of its outline. These properties are related to the mass of studied species in relation to the predation behavior characterized, among other ecological factors, by prey selection. Depending on whether the prey is heavier or lighter than the predator, catching and killing behaviors differ considerably. In the first case, the prey is maintained while the predator sustains a suffocating bite. Supporting this bite involves the cranial system and the entire postcranial system. In the second case, the predator captures and kills prey by only using the forelimbs and the trophic system. We also tested locomotor categories currently determined in carnivores on the morpho-geometric properties of the joint. In summary, the impact of locomotion is relatively negligible. In contrast, the selection of prey heavier than predator’s own mass impacts the shape of the articulation leading to a decrease of its mobility. We suggest that predatory behavior played a decisive role in the evolution of the characteristics of the joint during evolution, optimizing the locking between the ilium and the sacrum. We believe that in felines selecting prey larger than or equal to them, this interlocking favors a decrease in energy expenditure during the maintenance of the bite by the transfer of an anteroposterior force, and that the production of a recoil force is characteristic of predation in mammals. In small cats selecting prey smaller than them, the possibilities of articular sliding are more marked. The preliminary study of the sacro-iliac joint in canids, whose locomotor and predator behavior differ from that of felids, shows that there is no effect of prey selection or locomotion on the shape of the joint. It is therefore possible to propose that predatory behavior, at least as much as locomotor behavior, had an impact on the evolution of the sacro-iliac joint shape in carnivores, especially in felids.Cette étude porte sur la morphologie de l'articulation sacro-iliaque chez les félidés et les canidés. La structure de l'articulation est abordée par différentes techniques telles que l'anatomie descriptive et comparée, la morphométrie géométrique, ou l’imagerie CT-scan. Quatre caractéristiques majeures de la forme de la surface articulaire iliaque ont été retenues pour la décrire : l’angle entre les surfaces articulaires défini comme l’angle inter-iliaque, sa forme générale, sa topographie et la forme de son contour. Ces propriétés sont mises en relation avec la masse des espèces étudiées en lien avec le comportement de prédation caractérisé, entre autre, par le type de proies sélectionnées. Selon que les proies sont plus lourdes ou moins lourdes que le prédateur, les comportements de capture et de mise à mort diffèrent considérablement. Dans le premier cas, la proie est maintenue pendant que le prédateur exerce une morsure suffocante. Soutenir cette morsure implique le système crânien et l’ensemble du système postcrânien. Dans le second cas, le prédateur peut capturer et tuer sa proie en n’utilisant que les membres antérieurs et le système trophique. Nous avons également testé les types de locomotion actuellement déterminés chez les Carnivores sur les propriétés morpho-géométriques de l'articulation. En résumé, l'impact de la locomotion est relativement négligeable. Par contre, la sélection de proies de masse supérieure à celle du prédateur impacte la forme de l'articulation, conduisant à une diminution de sa mobilité. Nous suggérons que le comportement prédateur a joué, au cours de l’évolution, un rôle déterminant sur les caractéristiques de l'articulation, optimisant le verrouillage entre l’ilium et le sacrum. Nous estimons que ce verrouillage, chez les félins sélectionnant des proies de taille supérieure ou égale à la leur, permette au prédateur, par le transfert d'une force antéropostérieure, une diminution de la dépense énergétique lors du maintien de la morsure, et que la production d’une force recul soit caractéristique de la prédation chez les mammifères. Chez les petits félins sélectionnant des proies dont la taille est inférieure à la leur, les possibilités de glissement articulaire sont plus marquées. L'étude préliminaire de l’articulation sacro-iliaque des canidés, dont les comportements locomoteur et prédateur diffèrent de celui des félidés, montre qu'il n'y a pas d'effet de la sélection des proies ni de la locomotion sur la forme de l’articulation. Il est donc possible de proposer que le comportement de prédation, au moins au même titre que la locomotion, ait eu un impact sur l'évolution de la forme de l'articulation sacro-iliaque chez les Carnivores, en particulier chez les félidés
Studies of the Behavioral Sequences: The Neuroethological Morphology Concept Crossing Ethology and Functional Morphology
No full textSIMPLE SUMMARY: Behavioral sequences analysis is a relevant method for quantifying the behavioral repertoire of animals to respond to the classical Tinbergen’s four questions. Research in ethology and functional morphology intercepts at the level of analysis of behaviors through the recording and interpretation of data from of movement sequence studies with various types of imaging and sensor systems. We propose the concept of Neuroethological morphology to build a holistic framework for understanding animal behavior. This concept integrates ethology (including behavioral ecology and neuroethology) with functional morphology (including biomechanics and physics) to provide a heuristic approach in behavioral biology. ABSTRACT: Postures and movements have been one of the major modes of human expression for understanding and depicting organisms in their environment. In ethology, behavioral sequence analysis is a relevant method to describe animal behavior and to answer Tinbergen’s four questions testing the causes of development, mechanism, adaptation, and evolution of behaviors. In functional morphology (and in biomechanics), the analysis of behavioral sequences establishes the motor pattern and opens the discussion on the links between “form” and “function”. We propose here the concept of neuroethological morphology in order to build a holistic framework for understanding animal behavior. This concept integrates ethology with functional morphology, and physics. Over the past hundred years, parallel developments in both disciplines have been rooted in the study of the sequential organization of animal behavior. This concept allows for testing genetic, epigenetic, and evo-devo predictions of phenotypic traits between structures, performances, behavior, and fitness in response to environmental constraints. Based on a review of the literature, we illustrate this concept with two behavioral cases: (i) capture behavior in squamates, and (ii) the ritualistic throat display in lizards
Variation in the sacroiliac joint in Felidae
No full textInternational audienceFelidae species show a great diversity in their diet, foraging and hunting strategies, from small to large prey. Whether they belong to solitary or group hunters, the behavior of cats to subdue resisting small or large prey presents crucial differences. It is assumed that pack hunting reduces the per capita risk of each individual. We hypothesize that the sacroiliac articulation plays a key role in stabilizing the predator while subduing and killing prey. Using CT-scan from 59 felid coxal bones, we calculated the angle between both iliac articular surfaces. Correlation of this inter-iliac angle with body size was calculated and ecological stressors were evaluated on inter-iliac angle. Body size significantly influences inter-iliac angle with small cats having a wider angle than big cats. Arboreal species have a significantly larger angle compared to cursorial felids with the smallest value, and to scansorial and terrestrial species with intermediate angles. Felids hunting large prey have a smaller angle than felids hunting small and mixed prey. Within the Panthera lineage, pack hunters (lions) have a larger angle than all other species using solitary hunting strategy. According to the inter-iliac angle, two main groups of felids are determined: (i) predators with an angle of around 40 include small cats (i.e., Felis silvestris, Leopardus wiedii, Leptailurus serval, Lynx Canadensis, L. rufus; median = 43.45), the only pack-hunting species (i.e., Panthera leo; median = 37.90), and arboreal cats (i.e., L. wiedii, Neofelis nebulosa; median = 49.05), (ii) predators with an angle of around 30 include solitary-hunting big cats (i.e., Acinonyx jubatus, P. onca, P. pardus, P. tigris, P. uncia; median = 31.80). We suggest different pressures of selection to interpret these results. The tightening of the iliac wings around the sacrum probably enhances big cats' ability for high speed and large prey control. In contrast, pack hunting in lions reduced the selective pressure for large prey
Revised Taxonomy of Rhabdoviruses Infecting Fish and Marine Mammals
No full textSIMPLE SUMMARY: The Rhabdoviridae is a family of viruses that includes some important pathogens of fish and marine mammals. Aspects of the taxonomic classification of fish viruses assigned to this family have recently been reviewed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). This paper describes the newly approved taxonomy, including the assignment of new subfamilies and new virus species. The paper also considers a taxonomic conundrum presented by viruses assigned to one group of fish rhabdoviruses (genus Novirhabdovirus) for which assignment to the family Rhabdoviridae may not be appropriate. ABSTRACT: The Rhabdoviridae is a large family of negative-sense (-) RNA viruses that includes important pathogens of ray-finned fish and marine mammals. As for all viruses, the taxonomic assignment of rhabdoviruses occurs through a process implemented by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). A recent revision of taxonomy conducted in conjunction with the ICTV Rhabdoviridae Study Group has resulted in the establishment of three new subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae) within the Rhabdoviridae, as well as three new genera (Cetarhavirus, Siniperhavirus, and Scophrhavirus) and seven new species for viruses infecting fish or marine mammals. All rhabdovirus species have also now been named or renamed to comply with the binomial format adopted by the ICTV in 2021, comprising the genus name followed by a species epithet. Phylogenetic analyses of L protein (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) sequences of (-) RNA viruses indicate that members of the genus Novirhabdovirus (subfamily Gammarhabdovirinae) do not cluster within the Rhabdoviridae, suggesting the need for a review of their current classification
Revisiting the Classification of Percid Perhabdoviruses Using New Full-Length Genomes
No full textInternational audiencePerhabdoviruses are a threat to some freshwater fish species raised in aquaculture farms in Europe. Although the genetic diversity of these viruses is suspected to be high, the classification of isolates is still in its infancy, with just one full-length genome available and only partial sequences for a limited number of others. Here, we characterized a series of viruses isolated from percids in France from 1999 to 2009 by sequencing the nucleoprotein (N) gene. Four main clusters were distinguished, all related at varying levels of similarity to one of the two already-recognized species, namely Perch perhabdovirus and Sea trout perhabdovirus. Furthermore, we obtained the complete genome of five isolates, including one belonging to Sea trout rhabdovirus. The analysis of the complete L genes and the concatenated open reading frames confirmed the existence of four main genetic clusters, sharing 69 to 74% similarity. We propose the assignation of all these viral isolates into four species, including two new ones: Perch perhabdovirus 1, Perch perhabdovirus 2, Sea trout perhabdovirus 1 and Sea trout perhabdovirus 2. In addition, we developed new primers to readily amplify specific portions of the N gene of any isolate of each species by conventional PCR. The presence of such genetically diverse viruses in France is likely due to divergent viral populations maintained in the wild and then introduced to experimental facilities or farms, as well as via trade between farms across the European continent. It is now urgent to improve the identification tools for this large group of viruses to prevent their unchecked dissemination
