1,135 research outputs found
Drought response of native and non-native conifers: a dendroecological study
No full textDans le cadre des changements climatiques, une meilleure connaissance de la réponse à la sécheresse des arbres forestiers est un enjeu important pour les gestionnaires qui se posent de plus en plus de questions sur le choix des essences à favoriser dans un contexte environnemental incertain. En 2013, Mathieu Lévesque a réalisé une thèse en Suisse portant sur la réponse à la sécheresse de 5 espèces résineuses indigènes et exotiques le long d’un gradient climatique couvrant le versant nord des Alpes suisses, le Plateau suisse, les contreforts du Jura et les Alpes centrales. Mathieu Lévesque a analysé la réponse au climat à travers les variations de la croissance radiale (approche dendroécologique) mais également en utilisant des paramètres de réponse à la sécheresse plus fonctionnels comme la discrimination isotopique du carbone ou de l’oxygène. L’intérêt de ce travail est non seulement l’emprise très large de l’étude mais également l’association de paramètres de réponse très différents mais complémentaires permettant de nourrir les réflexions des forestiers quant aux essences à favoriser. Ce travail a été publié en anglais dans plusieurs revues internationales. Il vient d’être également publié dans le Journal forestier suisse (2015, vol. 166, n° 6, pp. 327-379) et c’est suite à cette publication de synthèse que nous avons souhaité porter à connaissance ces résultats auprès des lecteurs de la Revue forestière française.The sensitivity to drought of five conifers was studied along a climatic gradient covering the north of the Swiss Alps, the Swiss Plateau, the Jura foothills and the central Alps. Three native species, i.e., Norway spruce, Scots pine and European larch, and two non-native species, i.e., Douglas-fir and black pine were analysed. A total of 770 trees on 14 sites were sampled. To assess the sensitivity of conifers to drought, tree-rings formed in the period 1941-2006 were analysed. On dry sites in the Central Alps, spring water deficits sharply reduce growth while on mesic sites located on the Swiss Plateau and the Jura foothills summer droughts significantly restrict growth. Spruce, larch and Scots pine are the most vulnerable species to extreme droughts, which implies that their long-term performance and survival may be compromised if the climate becomes warmer and drier. Conversely, black pine and Douglas-fir were less drought sensitive and grew faster than native species along the gradient. Selecting species with different but complementary strategies regarding drought could secure the productivity and efficiency of water use of forest stands and increase their resistance to climate change
Contrasting life-history traits of black spruce and jack pine influence their physiological response to drought and growth recovery in northeastern boreal Canada
Full text linkAn increase in frequency, intensity and duration of drought events affects forested ecosystems. Trees react to these changes by adjusting stomatal conductance to maximize the trade-off between carbon gains and water losses. A better understanding of the consequences of these drought-induced physiological adjustments for tree growth could help inferring future productivity potentials of boreal forests. Here, we used samples from a forest inventory network in Canada where a decline in growth rates of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) occurred in 1988-1992, an exceptionally dry period, to verify if this growth decline resulted from physiological adjustments of trees to drought. We measured carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in growth rings of 95 spruces and 49 pines spanning 1985-1993. We used 13C discrimination (Δ13C) and 18O enrichment (Δ18O) as proxies for intrinsic water use efficiency and stomatal conductance, respectively. We studied how inter-annual variability in isotopic signals was linked to climate moisture index, vapor pressure deficit and annual snowfall amount. We found significantly lower Δ13C values over 1988-1990, and significantly higher Δ18O values in 1988-1989 and 1991 compared to the 1985-1993 averages. We also observed that a low climatic water balance and a high vapor pressure deficit were linked with low Δ13C and high Δ18O in the two study species, in parallel with low growth rates. The latter effect persisted into the year following drought for black spruce, but not for jack pine. These findings highlight that small differences in physiological parameters between species could translate into large differences in post-drought recovery. The stronger and longer lasting impact on black spruce compared to jack pine suggests a less efficient carbon use and a lower acclimation potential to future warmer and drier climate conditions
Analysis of Mathieu Equation Stable Solutions in the First Zone of Stability
No full textAbstractThe paper presents the results of a homogeneous Mathieu equation studies. Mathieu equation solutions are oscillations, modulated in amplitude and frequency. In the computational experiments we found dependences of the given oscillations on the ratio of the coefficients. These dependences are shown in graphs that can be used for an approximate estimation of the Mathieu equation solutions without integration
Pensar las escalas para pensar las luchas: Autor: Mathieu UHEL
No full textA través de un título sugerente, “pensar las escalas para pensar las luchas”, Mathieu Uhel entreteje la construcción teórico-crítica del concepto escala, generada por la geografía radical anglosajona de finales del siglo XX, con la necesidad/utilidad práctica de la escala para concienciar las luchas sociales. El artículo cumple un doble propósito: por un lado, delinear los elementos de lectura sobre el concepto escala; y, con ello, promover la atención de esta problemática en las luchas contemporáneas. En un primer apartado, Uhel ubica las discusiones académicas en torno a la escala, como herramienta metodológica útil para comprender la complejidad de las sociedades capitalistas; en el segundo apartado, el autor avanza la exposición en torno al contexto de la dimensión escalar del imperialismo capitalista; finalmente, el autor se centra en el rol de la actividad política a escala nacional en la tensa relación entre las imposiciones del capital y la lucha social.Por meio de um título sugestivo, “pensando escalas para pensar lutas”, Mathieu Uhel entrelaça a construção teórico-crítica do conceito de escala, gerado pela geografia radical anglo-saxônica do final do século XX, com a necessidade / utilidade prática escala para aumentar a consciência das lutas sociais. O artigo tem um duplo propósito: por um lado, delinear os elementos de leitura sobre o conceito de escala; e, com isso, promover atenção a esse problema nas lutas contemporâneas. Na primeira seção, Uhel localiza as discussões acadêmicas em torno da escala, como uma ferramenta metodológica útil para compreender a complexidade das sociedades capitalistas; na segunda seção, o autor avança a exposição em torno do contexto da dimensão escalar do imperialismo capitalista; por fim, o autor enfoca o papel da atividade política em escala nacional na tensa relação entre as imposições do capital e a luta social.Mathieu Uhel\u27s suggestive title, “Thinking about scales to think about struggles”, he interweaves the theoretical-critical construction of concept scale, generated by radical Anglo-Saxon geography in the late 20th century, with it´s practical utility to social struggles. The article serves two purposes: on the one hand, Uhel locates academic discussion around scale; and, with this, he promotes attention to this problem in contemporary struggles. In the first section, Uhel locates academic discussions around scale, as a useful methodological tool to understand the complexity of capitalist societies; in the second section, the author advances the argument around the context of the scalar dimension of capitalist imperialism; finally, the author focuses on the role of political activity on a national scale in the tense relationship between the impositions of capital and the social movement
Mathieu Ichou, Les Enfants d’immigrés à l’école
No full textIt is common to hear in the fields of educational and immigration sociology that on average, the children of immigrants do not perform as well in school as children of native-born parents. Mathieu Ichou offers an innovative sociological analysis on a topic that is heavily exploited by political and media discourse, and subject to much scientific controversy. The author takes distance from the homogenized vision of a “second generation” of students who have totally failed academically, and rep..
Impact of active deformable blades on the performance of vertical axis wind and hydrokinetic turbines
No full textTitre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 1er mai 2023)Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l'amélioration des performances des turbines à axe vertical. La solution proposée est d'équiper ces turbines de profils aérodynamiques déformables, qui sont capables de se déformer à différents angles d'azimut afin d'atteindre le maximum d'efficacité possible. Les deux tiers de la corde du profil aérodynamique des pales sont considérés comme déformables, tandis que l'autre tiers situé au bord d'attaque est considéré comme rigide. Le profil aérodynamique subit une déformation active, donc la déformation peut être appliquée tout au long du cycle de façon dynamique. Ainsi, dans un cycle complet, la pale peut avoir des formes différentes avec le bord de fuite qui pointe vers l'intérieur ou vers l'extérieur du cercle qui circonscrit la turbine avec des amplitudes différentes. Pour l'étude, le logiciel commercial StarCCM+ et les équations de Navier-Stokes moyennées (Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes, URANS) sont utilisés en 2D afin de caractériser le comportement de la turbine pendant la rotation. Pour simuler le mouvement de déformation du profil aérodynamique, une technique de maillage superposé (overset mesh) est utilisée en conjonction avec une technique de krigeage (Radial Basis Function, RBF) pour déformer et déplacer le maillage en fonction de la déformation de la pale. Divers profils aérodynamiques, y compris des profils aérodynamiques non déformés, des profils aérodynamiques déformés statiquement et des profils aérodynamiques dynamiquement déformables, sont examinés et comparés en termes de leurs performances. Divers facteurs sont discutés tels que : le rapport de vitesse en bout de pale (tip-speed ratio), l'amplitude de déformation du profil aérodynamique et les périodes où les déformations sont appliquées. Les profils aérodynamiques déformables permettent d'augmenter l'efficacité de la turbine quel que soit le rapport de vitesse en bout de pale. Lorsque la turbine fonctionne à des rapports de vitesse non optimaux, les performances de la turbine sont améliorées de manière significative. Néanmoins, une augmentation de 3,55% est tout de même obtenue au rapport de vitesse optimal par rapport aux profils aérodynamiques non déformés.This master's thesis focuses on improving the performance of vertical axis turbines. The proposed solution is to equip these turbines with deformable airfoils, which are capable of deforming at different azimuthal angles in order to achieve better efficiency. Two-thirds of the airfoil's chord is considered deformable, while one-third is considered undeformed at the leading edge. The airfoil undergoes active deformations such that the deformation can be applied and modified dynamically throughout the cycle. Thus, in one complete cycle, the airfoil may have different shapes with the trailing edge pointing inward or outward with different amplitudes. For the study, the commercial finite-volume software StarCCM+ is used and the 2D Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) model is employed in order to characterize the turbine's behavior during rotation. An overset mesh technique is used in conjunction with radial basis function in order to deform and move the mesh with respect to the blade deformation. Various airfoils, including undeformed airfoils, morphed deformed airfoils, and dynamically deformable airfoils, are examined and compared with respect to their performance. Various factors such as the tip-speed ratio, airfoil amplitudes, and the periods where deformations are applied are discussed. Deformable airfoils can increase the efficiency of the turbine regardless of the tip speed ratio. When the turbine is operated at non-optimal tip speed ratios, the performance of the turbine is enhanced significantly. Nevertheless, an increase of 3.55% is still reported at the optimal tip speed ratio compared to undeformed airfoils
L'impatto dell'attività tintoria sull'ambiente. Firenze alla fine del Medioevo
No full textThe author aims to examine and categorize the range of dyeings materials used in the Florentine wool and silk textile industries in the late Middle Ages, focusing mainly on those produced within the regional space in order to evaluate the impact of the Florentine dyeing activity on the natural environment and the productive landscape of the Tuscan countryside. In particular, the author establishes a line of demarcation between cultivated and uncultivated resources in order to verify which constitutes an indication of the level of industrial development of medieval textile production. This further focuses on how the transition from the exploitation of wild resources to the exploitation of cultivated resources could reflect a greater degree of economic integration between the countryside and the city and contribute to the formation of a regional economic space
Mathieu de Fossey: su visión del mundo indígena mexicano
No full textThroughout these pages the author shows how Mathieu de Fossey perceived that it was not easy to make indigenous communities fit within the mould of the nation-state which, being based on the liberal and egualitarian ideology, was against the recognition of special regimes, such as those that created a peculiar status for the native population of the American territory during the period of Spanish colonial domination
- …
