1,721,530 research outputs found
Interpretation of emission image of an axisymmetric diffusion flame into 2-dimensional temperature data using a simplified computed tomography
No full textComputed Tomography(CT), Emission Image, Axisymmetric Diffusion Flames were interpreted using the computed tomographic technique The two dimensional images of an axisymmetric diffusion flame were measured by a commercial CCD array camera and a frame grabber. The image data were then used to reconstruct the original three dimensional spatially resolved distributions of emission intensities by using the computed tomographic technique. The reconstructed volumetric emission intensities were then converted into optical temperatures of soot particles by assuming that the system response parameters were constant. The constants were determined from the calibration tests with a blackbody cavity, and with thermocouple measurements. The reconstructed temperatures, which were considered as the temperatures of soot particles, showed reasonable resemblance to the expected temperature distribution. The characteristics of the optical system, such as F number and pixel distance (magnification of image), with respect to the accuracy of reconstructed data were discussed
Beyond Hygiene: Commensal Microbiota and Allergic Diseases.
No full textComplex communities of microorganisms, termed commensal microbiota, inhabit mucosal surfaces and profoundly influence host physiology as well as occurrence of allergic diseases. Perturbing factors such as the mode of delivery, dietary fibers and antibiotics can influence allergic diseases by altering commensal microbiota in affected tissues as well as in intestine. Here, we review current findings on the relationship between commensal microbiota and allergic diseases, and discuss the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of allergic responses by commensal microbiota.2
Induction of Immune Tolerance to Dietary Antigens
No full textThe intestinal immune system is continuously exposed to massive amounts of diverse antigens derived from both food and intestinal microbes. Immunological tolerance to these enteric antigens is critical for ensuring intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis. Oral tolerance is a specific type of peripheral tolerance induced by the exposure of antigen via the oral route, emphasizing the role of intestinal immune system for preventing unnecessary hypersensitivity reactions to innocuous dietary and microbial antigens. Here, we discuss how dietary antigens are recognized by intestinal immune systems and highlight the role of Foxp3(+) regulatory CD4(+) T cells (Tregs) in establishment of oral tolerance, the tolerogenic features of intestinal dendritic cells that induce development of Foxp3(+) Tregs, and the factors that promote development of the intestinal dendritic cells.1187sciescopu
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Enhanced electrocatalytic activity and electrochemical stability of Cu2S/PbS counter electrode for quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells
No full textA new strategy has been successfully developed for highly efficient copper sulfide/lead sulfide (Cu2S/PbS) counter electrodes (CEs) for quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). PbS nanoparticles were grown by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique for various cycles (from 1 to 4) on electrochemically deposited Cu2S nanosheets. All the Cu2S and Cu2S/PbS CEs showed petal-like morphology and nanosized PbS nanoparticles were deposited over the Cu2S nanosheets. All FTO/Cu2S/PbS CEs exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity than FTO/Pt and FTO/Cu2S CEs. In particular, QDSSCs with FTO/Cu2S/PbS CE (3 SILAR cycles) exhibited extremely high short-circuit current density (18.08 mA cm−2) and fill factor (53.55%), resulting in a significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency as high as 5.28%. This is because the FTO/Cu2S/PbS CE not only exhibits the cascaded, stepwise energy level configuration, which enhances the fast charge transportation, but also serves as a blocking layer to prevent electrons from returning from the electrolyte to the Cu2S. Furthermore, FTO/Cu2S/PbS exhibited excellent electrochemical stability unlike FTO/Cu2S, owing to the passivation of PbS. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.1
Potentiodynamic Electrodeposition of CoSe2 Films and Their Excellent Electrocatalytic Activity as Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
No full textCobalt selenide (CoSe2) thin films are successfully formed on F-doped SnO2 (FTO) via a single step potentiodynamic electrodeposition process without any post treatment, and are utilized as counter electrodes (CEs) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The electrochemical behavior of the electrodeposited FTO/CoSe2 films is examined through Tafel polarization, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The results indicate that the FTO/CoSe2 films exhibit outstanding electrocatalytic ability and electrochemical stability toward the I−/I3 − redox couple. The optimized FTO/CoSe2 film fully covers the FTO substrate and features a nanoporous structure of interconnecting nanocrystalline networks, which is beneficial for the diffusion of ions and provides numerous electrochemical active sites. The optimized DSSC using FTO/CoSe2 as CE exhibits a significantly improved cell efficiency of 7.95% compared to that of the DSSC using FTO/Pt as CE (7.48%). © 2019 The Electrochemical Society.1
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Dendritic cell expression of the signaling molecule TRAF6 is required for immune tolerance in the lungthe lung
No full textImmune tolerance in the lung is important for preventing hypersensitivity, such as allergic asthma. Maintenance of tolerance in the lung is established by coordinated activities of poorly understood cellular and molecular mechanisms, including participation of dendritic cells (DCs). We have previously identified DC expression of the signaling molecule TRAF6 as a non-redundant requirement for the maintenance of immune tolerance in the small intestine of mice. Because mucosal tissues share similarities in how they interact with exogenous antigens, we examined the role of DC-expressed TRAF6 in the lung. As with the intestine, we found that the absence TRAF6 expression by DCs led to spontaneous generation of Th2-associated immune responses and increased susceptibility to model antigen-induced asthma. To examine the role of commensal microbiota mice deficient in TRAF6 in DCs were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and/or re-derived on a germ-free (GF) background. Interestingly, we found that antibiotics-treated specific pathogen-free (SPF), but not GF, mice showed restored immune tolerance in the absence of DC-expressed TRAF6. We further found that antibiotics mediate microbiota-independent effects on lung T cells to promote immune tolerance in the lung. This work provides both a novel tool for studying immune tolerance in the lung, and an advance in our conceptual understanding of potentially common molecular mechanisms of immune tolerance in both the intestine and the lung.
© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf
of The Japanese Society for Immunology.111sciescopu
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