336 research outputs found
Pengaruh Magnesium Stearat, Talk atau Kombinasinya Terhadap Waktu Hancur dan Disolusi Tablet Prednison Pada Campuran Interaktifnya
Get PDFInteractive mixtures give advantages for the mixtures containing low dose drug such as prednisone as it guarantee homogeneity, stability and increase the dissolution of prednisone. Flowability and compactibility of the interactive mixtures are relatively good, it can be directly compressed to produce tablet. The addition of lubricant / glidant of Mg stearat , talc or their mixture as the cohesive materials to the prednisone-granule interactive mixtures produce prednisone- granule-lubricant/ glidant which affect the tablet properties such as disintegration time and release of the drug. Based on these matter, a study was done to examine effect of Mg stearat, talc or their mixtures to the disintegration time and dissolution of prednisone interactive mixtures tablet.
For the investigation of these effects, experiments were done using optimization approach based on simplex lattice design with Mg stearate and talc as the independent variable. The experiments data were implemented into the equation relation to the simplex lattice design : Y= a(A) + b (B) + ab (A) (B). Based on the coefficient value of the disintegration time and drug dissolution equations, profiles are made, lubricant/glidant effects on the disintegration time and drug dissolution can be analyzed. Magnesium stearate cause prednisone interactive mixtures disintegration time tablet are more longer than talc, although the affect interaction is relativity more little. Magnesium stearate compared with talc gives C30 value and DE-60, although the interaction gives affect relativity more little.Campuran interaktif memberikan keuntungan untuk campuran yang mengandung obat berdosis rendah seperti prednison, karena dapat menjamin homogenitas, stabilitas serta mempercepat disolusi obatnya. Sifat alir dan kompaktibilitas campuran relatif baik, sehingga dapat dibuat tablet secara kempa langsung. Penambahan bahan pelicin magnesium stearat, talk atau campurannya sebagai material kohesif pada campuran interaktif prednison-granul akan menghasilkan campuran interaktif prednison-granul-pelicin, akan berpengaruh pada sifatsifat tablet seperti waktu hancur serta pelepasan obat yang dikandungnya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh magnesium stearat, talk atau campurannya terhadap waktu hancur dan disolusi tablet campuran interaktif prednison. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh tersebut dilakukan percobaan dengan pendekatan optimasi berdasarkan simplex lattice design dengan variabel bebasnya magnesium stearat dan talk.
Data percobaan diimplementasikan ke dalam persamaan terkait simplex lattice design yaitu Y = a (A) + b (B) + ab (A) (B). Berdasarkan nilai koefisien dalam persamaan untuk waktu hancur tablet dan disolusi prednison kemudian dibuat profilnya, dapat dianalisa pengaruh masing-masing bahan pelicin terhadap waktu hancur tablet dan disolusi obatnya. Magnesium stearat menyebabkan waktu hancur tablet campuran interaktif prednison lebih lama daripada talk, sedangkan pengaruh interaksinya relatif kecil. Magnesium stearat dibandingkan dengan talk memberikan nilai C30, dan DE-60 yang lebih besar, sedangkan interaksinya memberikan pengaruh yang relatif kecil
OPTIMASI CAMPURAN AVICEL PH 101 DAN PATI JAGUNG DALAM PEMBUATAN TABLET EKSTRAK DAUN MIMBA (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) SECARA Simplex Lattice Design
No full textAvicel PH 101 is an excipient in tablet making that can be used as diluent, binder, lubricant, and disintegrator. Avicel is not economically an advantage so that it needs to be combined with cheaper materials. Combination of Avicel PH 101 with corn starch is able to accelerate the disintegration time of the tablet. Mimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leave is a traditional medicine that is used as anti-inflammation. The study was to find out the optimum proportion of Avicel PH 101 and corn starch mixture in tablet making of mimba leaves extract by simplex lattice design method. The extract of mimba leaves was obtained by maceration of mimba leaves powder with ethanol 70%. The obtained extract was evaporated until a thick extract was obtained. Tablet formulation was based on SLD method with excipients of Avicel PH 101 (A) and corn starch (B) i.e. F1 (100% A), F2 ( 50% A : 50% B), F3 (100% B). The tablets of mimba leaves extract were made by wet granulation. The equation was used to make tablets with total respond of the most optimum granules physical properties. The data of the physical properties of granules from optimum formula as calculation result based on SLD equation with the experiment result was analyzed using T-test. Tablets from optimum formula were physically tested including weight uniformity, hardness, friability and disintegration time. The result of theexperiment indicated that the mixture of 90% Avicel PH 101 – 10% corn starch produced an optimum result in granules physical properties and the obtained tablets of mimba leaves extract fulfilled tablet physical property test.Avicel PH 101 merupakan eksipien dalam pembuatan tablet yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pengisi, pengikat, pelicin dan penghancur. Avicel kurang menguntungkan dalam segi ekonomis sehingga perlu dikombinasikan dengan bahan yang lebih murah. Kombinasi Avicel PH 101 dengan pati jagung diharapkan dapat mempercepat waktu hancur tablet. Daun mimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) merupakan tanaman obat tradisional yang diantaranya digunakan sebagai anti inflamasi. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui proporsi optimum campuran Avicel PH 101 dan pati jagung dalam formulasi tablet ekstrak daun mimba dengan metode simplex lattice design. Ekstrak daun mimba diperoleh dengan maserasi serbuk daun mimba menggunakan etanol 70%. Ekstrak yang diperoleh diuapkan sehingga diperoleh ekstrak kental. Formula tablet berdasarkan metode SLD dengan eksipien Avicel PH 101 (A) dan Pati jagung (B) yaitu : F1(100%A), F2(100%B), F3 (50%A:50%B). Tablet ekstrak daun mimba dibuat secara granulasi basah. Granul diuji kecepatan alir, kompaktibilitas dan waktu hancur untuk mendapatkan persamaan SLD. Persamaan tersebut digunakan untuk membuat tablet dengan respon total sifat fisik granul yang paling optimum. Data sifat fisik granul formula optimum hasil perhitungan berdasarkan persamaan SLD dengan hasil pengujian sesungguhnya dianalisis menggunakan uji t. Tablet formula optimum diuji sifat fisiknya yang meliputi : keseragaman bobot, kekerasan, kerapuhan dan waktu hancur tablet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan campuran 90% Avicel PH 101 - 10%pati jagung memberikan hasil yang optimal pada sifat fisik granul dan tablet ekstrak daun mimba yang dihasilkan memenuhi uji sifat fisik tablet
Optimasi Campuran Carbopol 941 dan HPMC dalam Formulasi Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Jambu Mete secara Simplex Lattice Design
Get PDFCashew leaves can be used as an antibacterial. The use of this cashew leaves in direct application can an unpractical, so it was made in the form of gel. This research was to get the gel optimum formula of the cashew leaves extract using two addition substances they were carbopol 941 and HPMC based on the simplex lattice design. The cashew leaves extract was obtained by maceration using ethanol 70% then it was evaporated to obtain concentrated extract. The optimum gel was based on simplex lattice design method with 2 components i.e. carbopol 941(C) and HPMC (H) used 3 formulations: formula I (100% C: 0% H), formula II (50% C: 50% H) and formula III (0% C: 100% H). Observation of physical properties included viscosity, the time of sticking and spreading ability, than it used to obtain SLD equation. The equation is used to make optimum gel formulation with the highest total respond of gel’s physical properties. The obtained data of simplex lattice design was compared to the result of real test by T-test. The result of the experiment showed that cashew leaves extract can be optimum formula of cashew leaves gel extract was obtained from the mixture of carbopol 941 60% - HPMC 40%. The result of t-Test of viscosity, adhesiveness and distribution showed that there was no significant difference between prediction and the result of real test.Daun jambu mete berkhasiat sebagai antibakteri. Penggunaan daun jambu mete secara langsung dinilai kurang praktis, sehingga dibuat sediaan gel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formula optimum gel ekstrak daun jambu mete dari campuran carbopol 941 dan HPMC dengan menggunakan metode simplex lattice design. Ekstrak daun jambu mete diperoleh dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 70%. Ekstrak yang diperoleh diuapkan hingga diperoleh ekstrak kental. Formula gel optimum berdasarkan simplex lattice design dengan 2 komponen yaitu: carbopol 941(C) dan HPMC (H), menggunakan 3 formula yaitu: formula I (100% C: 0% H), formula II (50% C: 50% H) dan formula III (0% C: 100% H). Sifat fisik yang diamati adalah viskositas, daya lekat dan daya sebar, yang selanjutnya digunakan untuk membuat persamaan SLD. Persamaan tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan formula optimum gel ekstrak daun jambu mete dari respon total sifat fisik gel yang paling besar. Hasil formula optimum yang diperoleh dari persamaan simplex latticedesign dibandingkan dengan hasil pengujian sesungguhnya dengan uji-t (T-test). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula optimum gel ekstrak daun jambu mete didapatkan pada campuran 60% carbopol 941 dan 40% HPMC. Hasil uji-t (T-test) viskositas, daya lekat dan daya sebar menunjukkan tidak berbeda signifikan antara prediksi dengan hasil percobaan sesungguhnya
Preclinic Activity Test of Capsule of Natural Ingredients Extract Combination of Noni Fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) and Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L.) as Hepatoprotector Agent for Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment
Get PDFResearch has been conducted in year 1st with the manufacture capsule of noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) and papaya leaf (Carica papaya L.) as the active material to cope with damage to the liver (hepatoprotective) for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Year 2nd pre-clinical tests have been conducted using rats as test animals given INH and rifampicin that are often used in the treatment of tuberculosis for 28 days. Test animals consisted of 30 rats were grouped into six groups. Group I (normal control) were without any treatment, rat were given only the usual food and drink. Group II (negative control) were given INH-rifampicin suspension (INH dose of 10 mg/200 g BW and rifampicin dose of 10 mg/200 g BW. Group III (positive control) were given INH-rifampicin suspension and drug antihepatotoxic methicol®. Group IV were given formula capsule 1, group V were given formula capsule 2, and group VI were given formula capsule 3. Parameters of liver damage was observed by measuring the levels of serum bilirubin, ALT and AST values. The parameters were measured on day 0 (before treatment), day 14, day 21, and day 28. There were observed liver histologically by histological methods-microscopic photograph using hematoxylin eosin staining. The data obtained were statistically evaluated using ANOVA one way for percentage of liver necrosis and two-way ANOVA for ALT, AST and serum bilirubin, with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the formula capsule 1 of extract combination of papaya leaf and noni fruit with PVP binder 1 % was able to provide reduced liver damage on rats induced isoniazidrifampicin which was better than formula capsule 2 and 3.Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun pertama membuat kapsul campuran bahan alami ekstrak buah mengkudu dan daun pepaya untuk mengatasi kerusakan hati (hepatoprotektor) pada terapi tuberkulosis (TBC). Tahun kedua dilakukan uji praklinik menggunakan hewan coba tikus yang diberi INH dan rifampisin yang sering digunakan pada terapi TBC selama 28 hari. Sebanyak 30 tikus dikelompokkan menjadi enam: kelompok I (kontrol normal) tanpa diberi perlakuan, hanya diberi makan dan minum; kelompok II (kontrol negatif) diberi suspensi INH-rifampisin dengan dosis INH 10 mg/200 g BB dan rifampisin 10 mg/200 g BB; kelompok III (kontrol positif) diberi suspensi INH-rifampisin dan obat antihepatotoksik methicol®; kelompok IV diberi kapsul formula 1; kelompok V diberi formula 2; kelompok VI diberi formula 3. Parameter kerusakan hati adalah kadar bilirubin serum, ALT dan AST yang diukur pada hari ke-0 (sebelum perlakuan), ke-14, ke-21, ke-28.Histologi hati diamati secara microscopic photograph dengan pengecatan hematoksilin-eosin. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan ANOVA satu jalan untuk persentase nekrosis hati dan ANOVA dua jalan untuk kadar ALT, AST, dan bilirubin serum, dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapsul kombinasi ekstrak buah mengkudu dan daun pepaya formula 1 dengan bahan pengikat PVP 1% mampu menurunkan kerusakan hati yang lebih baik daripada kapsul formula 2 dan 3
Pengembangan Dan Optimasi Formula Self Mikroemulsi Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) Kurkumin Untuk Meningkatkan Bioavaibilitas
Get PDFCurcumin has been shown to have activity as an anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidizing and anti-HIV. The use of curcumin in a long-term treatment process provides a low toxicity so it is clinically very beneficial to develop. The active ingredient of curcumin derived from curcuma longa plant extract has a very low bioavaiblity. This is due to the poor solubility of curcumin in water (11 ng / ml, pH 5.0) so that it is slightly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. This problem can be overcome by making the preparation of curcumin in the form of Self Microemulsion Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS).
Initial studies were screened for the solubility of curcumin with carriers of various types of oils, surfactants and cosurfactants. The screening results continued with the selection of optimum formula SMEDDS kurkumin using Simpelx Lattice Design (SLD) method. Three variables will give 14 SMEDDS curcumin formulas each of which the formula is tested for its characteristics as a critical point include:% transmittance, emulsification time and drug loading. The results of each test were analyzed with Exspert version 7 and continued validation of optimum formula with T test with 95% confidence level.
The results showed that the initial screening of curcumin was found to be the highest solubility in olive oil, Tween 80 surfactant and PEG 400 cosurfactant. The three types of materials were optimized with SLD giving optimum formula of SMEDDS curcumin composition with 0,026 olive oil composition; 0.0913 Tween 80 and 0.061 PEG 400.Kurkumin terbukti memiliki aktivitas sebagai anti-tumor, anti-inflamasi, anti-virus, anti-oksidasi dan anti HIV. Penggunaan kurkumin dalam proses pengobatan jangka panjang memberikan toksisitas yang rendah sehingga secara klinis akan sangat menguntungkan untuk dikembangkan. Kandungan aktif kurkumin yang berasal dari ekstrak tanaman curcuma longa ini mempunyai bioavaiblitas yang sangat rendah. Hal ini berkaitan karena kelarutan kurkumin yang jelek dalam air (11 ng/ml, pH 5,0) sehingga sedikit diserap di saluran pencernaan. Permasalahan ini dapat diatasi dengan membuat sediaan kurkumin dalam bentuk Self Mikroemulsi Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS)
Penelitian awal dilakukan skrining terhadap kelarutan kurkumin dengan pembawa berbagai jenis minyak, surfaktan dan kosurfaktan. Hasil skrining dilanjutkan dengan pemilihan formula optimum SMEDDS kurkumin dengan menggunakan metode Simpelx Lattice Design (SLD). Tiga variabel akan memberikan 14 formula SMEDDS kurkumin yang masing-masing formula dilakukan pengujian terhadap karakteristiknya sebagai titik kritis meliputi : % transmitan, waktu emulsifikasi dan drug loading. Hasil masing-masing pengujian dianalisis datanya dengan Design Exspert versi 7 dan dilanjutnya validasi formula optimum dengan uji T dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skrining awal terhadap kurkumin didapatkan kelarutan yang terbesar pada jenis minyak zaitun, surfaktan Tween 80 dan kosurfaktan PEG 400. Ketiga jenis bahan ini dilakukan optimasi dengan SLD memberikan formula optimum komposisi SMEDDS kurkumin dengan komposisi 0,026 minyak zaitun ; 0,0913 Tween 80 dan 0,061 PEG 400
Analisis Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen (Studi Kasus Pada GORO Assalam)
Get PDFTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat pelayanan Swalayan GORO Assalam berdasarkan dimensi Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy, dan Tangibles terhadap kepuasan konsumen GORO Assalam. Dan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis diantara dimensi tingkat
layanan yang ada, manakah yang mempunyai pengaruh dominan terhadap kepuasan konsumen GORO Assalam. Populasi dalam penelitian ini, adalah konsumen yang berbelanja di Swalayan GORO Assalam. Sampel yang digunakan oleh peneliti sebesar 150 responden. Metode analisis yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah Analisis Kuantitatif yaitu dengan menggunakan teknik analisis berupa Analisis Regresi Linear Berganda. Hasil analisis regresi dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial maupun secara simultan kelima variabel kualitas pelayanan yaitu Reliability
Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy dan Tangibles mempunyai pengaruh yang positif signifikan terhadap variabel kepuasan konsumen di swalayan GORO Assalam. Variabel reliability mempunyai pengaruh paling dominan terhadap kepuasan konsumen. Hasil Koefisien Determinasi sebesar 0,598. nilai ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel variabel reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy dan tangibles secara
bersama-sama mempunyai pengaruh terhadap kepuasan konsumen sebesar 59,8% sedangkan sisanya 40,2% dijelaskan oleh faktor-faktor yang lain di luar model
THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNESIUM STEARATE, PURIFIED TALC AND COMBINATION OF BOTH ON TERNARY/QUATERNARY INTERACTIVE MIXTURE OF FREELY AND POORLY WATER-SOLUBLE DRUG
Get PDFObjective: This research purposed to describe and evaluate the influence of magnesium stearate (MgSt), purified talc (talc) and combination of both (MgSt-PT) on ternary/quaternary mixture of freely and poorly water-soluble drug.Methods: Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and prednisone (PDN) were used as the drug model of freely and poorly water-soluble drug, respectively. Compatibility studies between drugs and lubricants were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ternary/quaternary interactive mixture of drugs, lubricants and carriers were conducted using granules of lactose-starch (1:1) as carriers with particle size 250 – 425 µm. Characterizations were conducted by homogeneity of mixture, physical properties of granules and tablets and drug releases. The results were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 95% of confidence interval level and dependent method for drug release.Results: Homogeneity of binary mixture within drug and carrier was achieved in 60 minutes with 20 revolutions per minute. MgSt, talc and combination of both provided stable ternary/quaternary interactive mixture. MgSt affected the reduction of compactibility, prolong the disintegration time, retardation the drug release and talc improved flowability.Conclusion: Talc provided more preferable effects than MgSt, and combination of both lubricants showed desirable physical properties of tablet. MgSt, talc and combination of both provided no significant effect on physical properties and drug release of CPM as freely water-soluble drug and the significant effect was observed on PDN as poorly water-soluble drug
Aplikasi Metode STIFIn dan ILHAM terhadap Hasil Hafalan Al-QUr`an (Eksperimen terhadap Mahasantri Institut Ilmu Al-Qur`an Jakarta)
Get PDFIIQ Jakarta as an institution that is engaged in tahfizh al-Qur `an need to maintain its existence in the midst of tahfizh institutions that offer fast and qualified memorizing methods. IIQ Jakarta offers not only tahfizh but also academic programs. However, graduate samples in 2016 showed a decrease in the quantity of female memorization. The author conducts experimental research on two modern tahfizh methods that take the theoretical basis of Educational Psychology. The method chosen by the author is STIFIn and ILHAM Method as experimental group and Talaqqi method used in IIQ Jakarta as control group. The authors chose both methods of experiment because it is considered ideal in terms of the duration of memorization time because the two methods do not offer the memorization of too fast and too long. The research method used in this research is experimental method with two manipulated methods and one control method. Tahfizh test results that include quality and quantity are calculated by One Way Anova formula to find out which method is most effective for Pesantren Takhasus IIQ Jakarta. The method was experimented at Pesantren Takhasus IIQ Jakarta by applying the implementation stage of the method and adapted to the situation in Pesantren Takhasus IIQ Jakarta. This study yields the conclusion that out of three methods, ILHAM method is the most effective method applied in PesantrenTakhasus IIQ Jakarta
ANALISIS PEMOTONGAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN PASAL 23 DENGAN SISTEM E- SPTPADA PT ILHAM JAYA LESTARI
Get PDFAnalysis Withholding of Tax Income Article 23 With E- SPT System at PT Ilham Jaya Lestari.
Imaniar, 2015 (xiii + 133 Pages)
[email protected]
The final report is written to fulfil requirement of diploma education accounting department of State Polytechnic of Sriwijaya graduation in Palembang. This final report is written to know comparative withholding of tax income article 23 with e-SPT system. The final report entitled “Analysis Withholding of Tax Income Article 23 With E- SPT System at PT Ilham Jaya Lestari”. The authors obtained data from the company by using several research methods such as interviews, analysis and study of literature. Results of the analysis that author have done to comparative withholding of tax income article 23 with e- spt system in the company showed that if we using system such as e-spt system the calculations of withholding of tax income article 23 in the company views from degree of accuracy that more organized and accurate. Beside of that withholding of tax income article 23 in the company views from degree of efficiency that more efficient in tax payment and submission of tax owed to the state treasury
TRADISI PERHITUNGAN WETON SEBAGAI SYARAT PERNIKAHAN PERSPEKTIF ‘URF (Studi kasus di Desa Karangtalok Kecamatan Banglarangan Kabupaten Pemalang Jawa Tengah Tentang Weton)
No full textRegarding marriage, of course there are requirements that must be met, both requirements from the KUA and traditions in various regions. As with the calculation of weton in Karangtalok Village, Ampelgading District, Pemalang Regency, the author intends to examine weton from an 'urf perspective so that it is clear whether it can be used or not. What is the tradition of calculating weton in Karangtalok Village and analyzing the calculation of weton as a condition for marriage from an 'urf perspective.
Regarding this research, it is field research, because this research was carried out directly to determine the calculation of weton in Karangtalok Village, Ampelgading District, Pemalang Regency from the 'urf perspective. The data analysis carried out by this research was qualitative descriptive analysis and the data collection method used unstructured interviews. The primary data for this research is in the form of direct interviews and is supported by secondary data in the form of journals, articles and books. The aim of this research is to provide an understanding to the public about how to respond to the concept of weton as a calculation for determining a soul mate and the fate of a partner according to the 'urf perspective.
From this research it can be concluded that the tradition of calculating weton is a condition for marriage from the 'urf perspective in Karangtalok Village, Ampelgading District, Pemalang Regency. Based on the practice of calculating weton in Karangtalok village, the market day of each prospective bride and groom must be known in advance, after calculating the amount, this can be adjusted to Javanese standards. From this standard, shops and the public use it as a reference for Weton's conclusions. Second, Weton can be classified as al-'urf al-fasid bad custom/tradition if weton is believed to be an antidote to bad luck and a way to avoid bad luck. Weton can be studied but not trusted
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