1,720,957 research outputs found
Carbon Pricing and Border Policy: Effects on Export Competitiveness in Türkiye
No full textTurkiye has adopted an increasing number of environmental regulations since the early 2000s. However, the country still faces important challenges in the field of green transition and energy efficiency. According to OECD (2019), the country remains one of the OECD economies with the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) emission growth and a very low percentage of national expenditure on environmental protection over GDP compared to more advanced countries.
The “dirtier” production in Turkiye has shaped its integration into global value chains, especially in carbon-intensive industries such as cement, iron and steel, glass, chemicals etc. Turkish producers in these industries benefit from relatively lower environmental compliance costs compared to producers in advanced countries. In addition, geographical proximity to the European market and the Customs Union strengthen Turkish producers’ position as key suppliers to the European Union (EU). This pattern has been reinforced by the introduction of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), which has increased production costs within the EU and, thus, enhanced the relative price advantage of carbon-intensive exports from non-ETS countries, including Turkiye.
In this work, we want to provide some descriptive and econometric evidence to understand how the environmental policies implemented and planned by the EU have affected and will affect the Turkish economic system. More specifically, we will focus on the role of the EU ETS that came into force in 2005 as well as the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and their implications for Turkiye’s export competitiveness
The Nature of Import Competition and Firms’ Environmental Engagement in Emerging Markets
No full textWe study the relationship between firm environmental engagement and the nature of import competition in emerging markets by distinguishing between differentiation-based and cost-based import competition. Drawing on the institutional perspective of CSR, we argue that differentiation-based import competition is associated with a greater reduction in firm environmental engagement than cost-based import competition. Firms in emerging markets are not used to competing on non-price factors. Thus, they cut corners and reallocate their resources away from environmental activities to investments in capital stocks. We also advance that the reduction in a firm’s environmental engagement is less pronounced for firms with higher product quality and more diversified product portfolios because they can leverage customer loyalty and reduce the “directness” of foreign competition, respectively. We test and find support for our arguments on a sample of manufacturing firms in Turkey over the period 2009-2015. Our study advances research on the relationship between market competition and corporate social responsibility
Automation Imports and Upgrading in Firm Production Networks
No full textWe investigate how the import of automation impacts upgrading within firm production networks. We use comprehensive data on product mix, foreign trade, balance sheets, employment, and firm-to-firm transactions for Turkish manufacturing firms from 2009 to 2020.
By employing Propensity Score Matching (PSM) alongside event study analyses and an instrumental variable (IV) approach, our research provides robust evidence that firms importing automation enhance the quality and lower quality-adjusted prices of their products. Importantly, the benefits of automation extend downstream throughout the supply chain to firms sourcing inputs from suppliers that have adopted automation. No significant effects propagate, instead, to upstream firms supplying automation adopters
Replication Data and Code for: Wage inequality, skill-specific unemployment and trade liberalization
No full textThe data and programs replicate tables and figures from "Wage inequality, skill-specific unemployment and trade liberalization", by Koymen-Ozer. Please see the ReadMe file for additional details
Wage inequality, skill‐specific unemployment and trade liberalization
No full textLabour market outcomes of trade liberalization are at the heart of the policy debate. In this model, the long-run effects of trade liberalization and trade-induced skill-biased technological change on wage inequality and unemployment are studied by augmenting a heterogeneous firm trade model with job search and unemployment. In the model, there are two types of workers-skilledandunskilled-and two types of technologies-lowandhigh. Firms draw their productivities from a common distribution and, conditional on their productivity, decide on the entry, export and type of technology. Then they post the optimal number of vacancies and engage in individual wage bargaining with workers. In the case of two symmetric partners, trade liberalization leads more firms to enter foreign markets while leading the least-productive firms to exit. Moreover, with lower technology-adoption costs and/or a higher initial level of liberalization, more firms upgrade their technology after a reduction in variable trade cost. The redistribution of market shares toward more-productive firms increases the demand for both skilled and unskilled workers. This, in turn, raises wages and reduces unemployment rates for both types of workers. Nevertheless, trade liberalization has asymmetric wage effects on workers: it increases wage inequality in favour of skilled workers. Further, the unemployment rate in the skilled labour market falls to a greater extent, implying a change in the skill composition of unemployed workers in both trade partners. Resume Inegalite salariale, chomage lie aux competences specialisees et liberalisation. Les consequences de la liberalisation des echanges sur le marche du travail sont au c oe ur du debat politique. Dans ce modele, nous etudions les effets a long terme de la liberalisation des echanges et des evolutions technologiques induites par le commerce, lesquelles favorisant les competences specialisees, a la fois sur les inegalites salariales et le chomage. A cette fin, nous avons augmente un modele commercial d'entreprises heterogenes en y ajoutant la recherche d'emploi et l'inactivite professionnelle. Dans ce modele, nous nous appuyons sur deux types de travailleurs, les travailleurs qualifies et non qualifies, et sur deux types de technologies, les technologies rudimentaires et les hautes technologies. Les entreprises tirent leur productivite d'une distribution commune, et en fonction de cette meme productivite, peuvent decider de l'introduction, de l'exportation et du type de technologie. Ensuite, ces entreprises proposent un nombre optimal d'emplois a pourvoir et s'engagent dans une negociation salariale individuelle avec les travailleurs. Dans le cas de deux partenaires symetriques, la liberalisation des echanges conduit davantage d'entreprises a integrer les marches etrangers tout en poussant les moins productives a en sortir. De plus, avec des couts d'adoption technologiques plus faibles et/ou avec un niveau de liberalisation initial plus eleve, de plus en plus d'entreprises modernisent leur technologie apres avoir reduit leurs couts commerciaux variables
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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