1,720,954 research outputs found
A política ambiental de reserva legal em assentamentos rurais da Amazônia maranhense
Get PDFDissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2008.Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo o instituto da Reserva Legal (RL) em Projetos de Assentamento (PA) de reforma agrária (RA), situados no município de Bom Jesus das Selvas, no Oeste Maranhense, na Amazônia Oriental. O objetivo geral é verificar o que ocorreu com o instituto da RL nos PAs entre os anos de 1999 e 2010. A hipótese é de que a RL não foi instituída nos PAs, devido a insuficiência e desarticulação desta política ambiental frente às forças de mercado, às políticas de desenvolvimento da região e aos sistemas de cultivo dos assentados. A partir de 10 assentamentos, criados em dois períodos: 1999/2000 e 2005/2006. Foi analisado em 1 PA de cada período o que ocorreu com a RL utilizando o mapeamento da cobertura e uso da Terra, a partir de imagens de satélite do INPE do programa PRODES. A partir da classificação floresta/não floresta do PRODES, e do trabalho de campo chegou-se as classes de mapeamento: floresta nativa, capoeira alta, capoeira média, capoeira baixa/ cultivos e pastagens. Os dois PAs selecionados atenderam a dois critérios: ser o mais florestado quando da sua criação e ser dos mais desflorestados no seu grupo no ano de 2010. Foram selecionados, o PA Chico Mendes, no período de 1999/2000, e o PA Raimundo Panelada no período de 2005/2006. Foram realizadas 40 entrevistas com assentados dos dois PAs e utilizados dados do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária do Maranhão (INCRA), da Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado do Maranhão (SEMA), do Banco do Nordeste (BN), e da Prefeitura Municipal de Bom Jesus das Selvas. Os dados e as entrevistas revelaram que não existe RL instituída nos PAs do município, bem como o licenciamento ambiental destes. A análise da cobertura e uso da Terra revelou que a maior parte da floresta nativa sofreu corte raso e mais que 65% da paisagem dos PAs é composta por capoeiras devido ao sistema de queimada/derrubada utilizado pelos assentados. A pesquisa mostrou que o serviço de assistência técnica (ATER) é privado e vinculado aos créditos do Programa Nacional de Agricultura Familiar e não coopera com o instituto da RL. As entrevistas revelaram que os sistemas de manejo florestal sustentável para o uso da RL são desconhecidos pelos assentados e não compõem a base de projetos do BN/ATER. O mais importante vetor de pressão econômica para a não instituição da RL são as empresas siderúrgicas de ferro-gusa, carvoarias e serrarias. Essas empresas suportam um mercado grande e crescente de madeira extraída de forma ilegal e insustentável da floresta amazônica. A hipótese principal foi confirmada, pois o INCRA em acordo com a SEMA, no contexto sócio-econômico regional, não institui a RL nos PAs, a política de RL é insuficiente, técnica e operacionalmente, e os órgãos atuam de forma desarticulada frente às forças de mercado e aos sistemas de cultivo derrubada/queimada utilizado pelos assentados. Conclui ainda que as forças de mercado da região se opõem à RL na sua forma atual.This paper aims to study the Institute of Legal Reserve (LR) in Settlement Projects (SP) of Agrarian Reform (AR), located in Bom Jesus das Selvas in the west of Maranhão state, in the eastern Amazon. The overall goal is to analyze what happened with the Institute of LR in the SP between the years 1999 and 2010. The hypothesis is that the LR was not established in the AR and due to failure by the disarticulation and the insufficiency of environmental policy when faced by the market forces, by development policies in the region and by the cropping systems of the settlers. Based on 10 settlements, separated into two groups divided by the years of creation: 1999/2000 and 2005/2006, one SP was choose in each period, and was observed what occurred with the institute of AR, using the maps of coverage and land use of satellite images from INPE/PRODES. From the classification forest / non forest of PRODES and with the field studies result in Land use mapping classes: native forest, high secondary forest, medium secondary forest, lower secondary forest/crops and pastures. The two selected SPs fulfilled both criteria: be the most forested in the beginning and that became the most deforested in its group in 2010. Those SPs were: Chico Mendes, from the years of 1999/2000, and SP Raimundo Panelada from the years of 2005/2006. 40 interviews were conducted with the settlers of both SPs and data where used from the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform of Maranhão (INCRA), the Department of Environment of the State of Maranhão (SEMA), Banco do Nordeste (BN), and the City Hall of Bom Jesus das Selvas. The datas and interviews revealed that there is no LR instituted in the SP of the city, just as they haven’t it´s environmental licensing. The land use and coverage revealed that most of the native forest suffered clear cutting and more than 65% of the landscape are composed of SPs secondary forests due to the system of cutting down / burning of the forest used by the settlers. The agricultural service center (ATER) is private and tied to the credit of the National Program for Family Agriculture (PRONAF) and does not cooperate with the institute of LR. The sustainable forest management systems for the use of LR are unknown by the settlers and don´t form the basic projects approved by BN / ATER. The most important vector of economic pressure for the non-establishment of LR, are the steel companies of pig iron, charcoal producers, sawmills and timber industry. These companies support a huge growing market of illegally and unsustainable harvested wood from the Amazon rainforest. The main hypothesis was confirmed because INCRA, in accordance with the SEMA, in the regional socio-economic context, does not establish LR in the SPs. The LR policy is insufficient technically and operationally. The agencies operate in an uncoordinated way to face the market forces and the system of cutting down / burning used by the settlers. It is also concluded that wood based market forces of the region are opposed to the LR in its current conformation.Este trabajo tiene como objetivo de estudio el Instituto de la Reserva Legal (RL) en Proyectos de Asentamiento (PA) de la reforma agraria (RA), situados en el municipio de Bom Jesus de las Selvas, en el Oeste Maranhense, en la Amazônia Oriental. El objetivo general es verificar lo que ocurrió con el Instituto de la RL en los PAs entre los años de 1999 y 2010. La hipótesis es de que la RL no fue instituida en los PAs, debido a la insuficiencia y desarticulación de esta política ambiental frente a las fuerzas de mercado, las políticas de desarrollo de la región y a los sistemas cultivo de los asentados. De los 22 asentamientos existentes en el municipio, fueron seleccionados (A partir de )10 asentamientos, separados en dos grupos en función del año de creación: 1999/2000 y 2005/2006. (,) En cada grupo fue seleccionado un asentamiento (fue verificado en 1 PA de cada periodo,) para analizar lo que ocurrió con el instituto de la RL utilizando el levantamiento cartográfico de la cobertura y uso de la Tierra (a partir de imágenes de satélite de INPE) del programa PRODES. A partir de la clasificación bosque/no bosque de PRODES(,) y con el detallamiento en el trabajo de campo se llegó a las clases de levantamiento cartográfico: bosque nativo, campo alto, campo medio, campo bajo, cultivos y pasto. los dos PAs seleccionados atendieron a dos criterios: estar más florestado cuando de su creación tiene que estar (en el año de 2010) entre los más desforestados en su grupo en el año de 2010. Fueron seleccionados, el PA Chico Mendes, (d)en el periodo de 1999/2000, y el PA Raimundo Panelada (d)en el periodo de 2005/2006. Fueron realizadas 40 entrevistas con asentados de los dos PAs y utilizados datos del Instituto Nacional de Colonización y Reforma Agraria de Maranhão (INCRA), de la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente del Estado de Maranhão (SEMA), del Banco de Nordeste (BN), y de la Prefectura Municipal de Bom Jesus de las Selvas. los datos y las entrevistas revelaron que no existe RL instituida en los PAs del municipio, (así como no fue hecho) bien como el licenciamiento ambiental de los mismos. El análisis de la cobertura y uso de la Tierra (revelaron) se reveló que la mayor parte del bosque nativo sufrió corte raso y más que el 65% del paisaje de los PAs es compuesto por campos, debido al sistema de quemada/derrumbada utilizado por los asentados. Los datos levantados junto a los órganos mostraron que el servicio de asistencia técnica (ATER) es privado y vinculado a los créditos del Programa Nacional de Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF) e no coopera con el Instituto de la RL. Las entrevistas revelaron que los sistemas de manejo de bosques sustentable para el uso de la RL son desconocidos por los asentados e no componen la base de proyectos de BN/ATER. El más importante vector de presión económica para la no instituición de la RL son las empresas siderúrgicas de hierro-gusa, carbonerías y serrerías. Esas empresas soportan un mercado grande y creciente de madera extraida de forma ilegal e insustentable del bosque amazónico. La hipótesis principal fue confirmada, pues el INCRA de acuerdo con la SEMA, en el contexto sócio-económico regional, no instituye a RL en los PAs. La política de RL es insuficiente, técnica y operacionalmente. Los órganos actuan de forma desarticulada frente a las fuerzas de mercado e a los sistemas de cultivo derrumbada/quemada utilizado tradicionalmente por los asentados. Se concluye aun que las fuerzas de mercado de la región se oponen al RL en su conformación actual.La présente étude s’insère plus spécifiquement dans la question de l'Institut de Réserve Légale (RL) des les Projets de Établissement (PA) de la Réforme Agraire (RA), situé dans le ville de Bom Jesus das Selvas, l'ouest du Maranhão, dans l’Amazonie orientale. L'objectif global est vérifier ce qui s’est passé avec l'institution de la RL dans les PAs entre les années 1999 et 2010. L'hypothèse est que la RL n'a pas été établie dans les PAs en raison de l'échec et désarticulation de cette politique environnemental face à les forces du marché, à les politiques de développement de la région et au systèmes agricoles des agriculteurs familiaux. De les 10 PAs édudiées, séparé en deux groupes basés sur des années de création: 1999/2000 et 2005/2006, on a été vérifié dans un PA de chaque période, ce qui s'est passé avec l'institution de la RL avec l'aide de méthod de cartographie de la couverture et de l'usage de la terre à partir d'images satellite de l'INPE du programme PRODES. À partir des classes du PRODES fôret/pas fôret et après avec le travail de terrain on est arrivé à les classes suivantes de la cartographie: forêt natif, capoeira alta (terres agricoles laissées en jachère en stade avancé), capoeira média (terres agricoles laissées en jachère en stade intermédiere), capoeira baixa (terres agricoles laissées en jachère au début du processus), agriculture et pâturage. Les deux PAs sélectionnés rempli deux critères: être plus boisées maintenant que dans le moment de leurs création et être en 2010 parmi les plus déboisées dans leur groupe. Les PAs sont le PA Chico Mendes, du période de 1999/2000, et le PA Raimundo Panelada du période 2005/2006. Les données utilisées dans cette étude proviennent de 40 entrevues avec les agriculteurs familiaux de les deux PAs, de les données de l'Institut national de colonisation et de réforme agraire (INCRA) du Maranhão, de la direction de l'environnement de l'état du Maranhão (SEMA), de la Banque du Nord-Est (BN), et de la municipalité de Bom Jesus das Selvas. Les données et les les entrevues ont révélé qu'il n'ya pas de RL institué dans les PAs de la municipalité, ni a été faite de la délivrance de licences environnementales. Le couverts et l'utilisation de la Terre a révélé que la plupart de la fôret a été coupée à blanc et plus de 65% du paysage de les PAs est composée de capoeiras em raison du système du la coupe et du brûlis utilisé par les agriculteurs familiaux. Le centre de service téchnique (ATER) est privé et liée au crédit du Programme National pour l'Agriculture Familiale (PRONAF) et ne coopère pas avec l'Institut de RL. Les systèmes de gestion durable des forêts pour l'utilisation de RL sont inconnus aux agriculteurs e et ne forment pas la base de projets BN/ATER. Le plus important vecteur de pressions économiques qui empêche la mise en oeuvre et la maintenance de la RL sont les entreprises sidérurgiques du fonte brute, les charbonniers, et les scieries et l’industrie du bois. Ces entreprises soutiennent le grand et croissant marché de bois récolté illégalement et non durable de la forêt Amazonie. L'hypothèse principale est confirmée car le INCRA en conformité avec SEMA, dans le context socio-économique régional, n’a pas établi la RL dans les PAs. Comme conclusion, le politique de RL est montré insuffisant à la fois techniquement et opérationnellement. Les agences travaillent de manière disjoints dans un forces avancées disjoints face à les forces du marché et aux systèmes de coupe et brûlis traditionnellement utilisés par les agriculteurs familiaux. Il est également conclu que les forces du marché de la région sont opposés à la RL à sa conformation actuelle.Centro de Desenvolvimento SustentávelPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Sustentáve
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
