57 research outputs found
Kinematic differences in left-right side in blocking among college women's volleyball players in Japan
No full textLink to publisher's homepage at http://www.mohejournal.com/index.php/moheIn recent years, the attacking tactics of top-level teams have been dominated by a combination of four attackers. The basic approach to defending against this move is to block in the direction of the toss (Read Block System). This study compares and examines the difference between the left and right sides of the crossover step of women's volleyball players using the read block system. Fifteen Japanese college women's volleyball players (age: 20.1±1.1 years, height: 169.3±5.5 cm) were eligible for the study. A time-synchronized 16 camera Mac3D optical motion capture systems (Motion Analysis Co.) and 10 force plates (Tec Gihan Co.) were used to determine three dimensional (3-D) coordinates of 38 retroreflective markers. The players were told that the toss from the setter would go up randomly in one of the left or right direction, and they were asked to block in response to the toss from the centre of the net. The results showed that the performance of the jump height (p = 0.04, d =0.50), maximum block reach (p = 0.01, d =0.51), and motion time (p =0.02, d =0.75) was better than the left, and the effect size was large. Since most of the subjects in this study were right-handed (two of the Opposites were left-handed), it is assumed that they tended to perform better on the left side, which is a block stepping similar to spike stepping. However, some players may not use the spiking hand, so individualized instruction is required
Statistische Mechanik unter Anwendung der Werkzeuge der Informationstheorie
No full text0 Cover and acknowledgements i-xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Biological
thermodynamics 1 1.2 An intuitive notion of energy and entropy 2 1.3 From
steam engines to actin filaments: the laws of thermodynamics 5 1.4 Free energy
in processes involving proteins 6 1.4.1 Predicting ligand binding and protein-
protein interactions 7 1.4.2 Conformational entropy 8 1.5 The statistical in
mechanics 9 1.5.1 Information over matter and energy 10 1.6 Entropy is a
logarithmic counting of microstates 11 1.6.1 Stabilization by conformational
entropy 13 1.6.2 Acceptable errors in theoretical estimations of protein
thermodynamics 15 1.7 The entropy of polymers 16 1.7.1 Connection of
thermodynamics to information theory 17 1.8 Medical applications of protein
and drug thermodynamics 17 1.9 Aim of this work 19 1.10 References for Chapter
1 20 2 Balanced and bias-free computation of conformational entropy
differences for molecular trajectories 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.1.1
Experimental measurements of conformational entropy 28 2.1.2 Theoretical
estimation of conformational entropy 29 2.2 Analytical derivation:
Configurational entropy of a macromolecule 30 2.2.1 Absolute and relative
configurational entropies 30 2.2.2 Sackur-Tetrode equation as a limiting case
for ideal gas 33 2.2.3 Entropy using local spherical polar (BAT) coordinates
34 2.2.3.1 Relative conformational entropy in terms of BAT coordinates 37 2.3
Numerical method to estimate conformational entropy differences 38 2.3.1
Automated selection of BAT coordinates 39 2.3.1.1 Continuity maximization for
torsions 39 2.3.1.2 Phase angles 40 2.3.2 Mutual Information expansion in low
dimensional subspaces 40 2.3.3 Discretization 42 2.3.4 Bias-Removal 44 2.3.5
Balancing 44 2.3.6 Generating molecular conformations in a canonical ensemble
46 2.3.7 Benchmark Entropy 46 2.4 Model system 1: Monte Carlo simulation of a
three-atom molecule in a cage 48 2.4.1 Simulation procedure 48 2.4.1.1 Monte
Carlo algorithm 49 2.4.2 Clustering of conformations 49 2.4.3 Entropy
estimation 50 2.5 Model system 2: Molecular Dynamics simulation of trialanine
52 2.5.1 Simulation procedure 52 2.5.2 Clustering of conformations 53 2.5.3
Entropy estimation 54 2.5.4 Convergence of benchmark entropy, energy and free
energy 54 2.5.5 Detailed results for entropy estimates using the MI expansion
(MIE) 57 2.5.5.1 MIE1 using all BAT coordinates 57 2.5.5.2 MIE2 using all BAT
coordinates 58 2.5.5.3 MIE3 using all BAT coordinates 59 2.5.5.4 MIE Using
only soft degrees of freedom 60 2.5.6 Convergence of the entropy estimates 63
2.5.6.1 Importance of choosing frames at random in the balancing method 64
2.5.7 Summary of results for model system 2 64 2.6 Discussion 69 2.6.1.1 BAT
coordinates represent phase space compactly 69 2.6.1.2 Approximate
cancellation of the Jacobian term of the entropy 70 2.6.1.3 Entropy estimation
in signal processing versus molecular simulations 70 2.7 Conclusion 71 2.8
References for Chapter 2 74 3 Influence of Spacer-Receptor Interactions on the
Stability of Bivalent Ligand-Receptor Complexes 81 3.1 Introduction 81 3.1.1
Biological and pharmaceutical relevance of multivalency 81 3.1.2 Polymer
spacer-receptor interactions 82 3.1.3 Comparison of our model to experiment 82
3.2 Conclusions 83 3.2.1 Receptor topography: concave, planar or convex 83
3.2.2 Interaction thermodynamics: repulsive or attractive 83 3.3 References
for Chapter 3 84 4 Summary 87 4.1 Abstract in English 87 4.1.1 Balanced and
bias-free computation of conformational entropy differences for molecular
trajectories 87 4.1.2 Influence of spacer-receptor interactions on the
stability of bivalent ligand-receptor complexes 88 4.2 Zusammenfassung in
deutscher Sprache 90 4.2.1 Ausbalancierte und von systematischen Fehlern
bereinigte Berechnung konformationeller Entropiedifferenzen für molekulare
Trajektorien 90 4.2.2 Einfluss von Spacer-Rezeptor-Wechselwirkungen auf die
Stabilität von bivalenten Ligand-Rezeptor-Komplexen 91 Submitted manuscript
Influence of Spacer-Receptor Interactions on the Stability of Bivalent Ligand-
Receptor Complexes (print version only) 94 Supporting information for
manuscript (print version only) 119Although thermodynamics was born from the desire to optimize industrial
processes, its wide applicability has recently afforded it a place in biology.
Accurate estimation of thermodynamic variables for processes involving
biological macromolecules is an important goal in theoretical chemistry. For
macromolecules and soft matter in general, understanding of the driving forces
that comprise a given free energy or binding constant requires consideration
of flexibility for all molecular degrees of freedom. The entropic contribution
to free energy is thus an essential ingredient, whether explicitly quantified
or included in a model in the form of a correct enumeration of the
multiplicity of conformations. This doctoral thesis offers two contributions
to the problem of computing entropy: (a) A numerical method for estimating
conformational entropy differences for macromolecules was developed. It uses
techniques borrowed from information theory and applies them to statistical
mechanics. The method is applicable to conformational transitions and protein-
ligand binding. (b) A model to describe the enhancement of the binding
affinity for a bivalent ligand tethered with a polymer spacer was expounded.
The novelty of the model consists in the inclusion of spacer-receptor
interactions. (a) Balanced and bias-free computation of conformational entropy
differences for molecular trajectories The mutual information expansion (MIE)
is applied to estimate conformational entropy differences of macromolecules
applicable to molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulation data on
oligopeptides, polymers, proteins and ligands. The MIE serves to reduce the
high dimensionality of the probability density of the conformational space of
a macromolecule. The individual terms of the MIE are evaluated with a
histogram method. Internal bond-angle-torsion (BAT) coordinates are used to
avoid spurious correlations present when using Cartesian coordinates, which
would demand using higher order terms in the MIE. Practically all entropy
estimation methods from finite samples suffer from an inherent systematic
error or bias. Two approaches are applied that compensate for systematic
errors that occur with a histogram method: (1) Simulation data are balanced by
using the same number of coordinate sets (frames) for both conformer domains.
Balancing puts fluctuations of the histogram bin contents on the same level
for both conformers, allowing for efficient error cancellation. (2) Bias-
removal corrects for systematic deviations due to finite number of frames per
bin. Applying both corrections improves the precision of entropy differences
enormously. Estimates of entropy differences are compared to thermodynamic
benchmarks of polymer and peptide models, where excellent agreement is found.
For trialanine as model system, the average error for the estimated
conformational entropy difference is only 0.3 J/(mol K), which is 100 times
smaller than without applying the two corrections. Guidelines are provided for
efficiently estimating conformational entropies. The complete method,
including 1st to 3rd order MI expansion, balancing and bias-removal can be
performed with the program ENTROPICAL. It can be obtained from the author and
used with CHARMM and NAMD topologies and trajectories. (b) Influence of
spacer-receptor interactions on the stability of bivalent ligand-receptor
complexes Experiments show that a ligand-receptor complex formed by binding a
bivalent ligand (D) in which the two ligating units are joined covalently by a
flexible polymeric spacer (S) can be orders of magnitude more stable than the
corresponding complex formed with monomeric ligands. Up until now, the
molecular models that have been proposed to rationalize this "enhancement
effect" neglect spacer-receptor (S-R) interactions. These interactions can
nevertheless substantially influence the relative stability of complexes.
Here, the results of a computational study designed to assess the impact of
S-R interactions in the prototypic bivalent complex are presented and compared
with results of experiments. The S-R interactions mimicking general features
of biological systems are modeled by contoured R surfaces with hills (or
depressions) at the binding sites. In the fictitious limit of vanishing S-R
interactions, the enhancement is pronounced. This enhancement is in line with
the experimental observations, although the S-R interactions, which surely
occur in reality, were neglected. For strictly repulsive S-R interactions
(hard R surface) the enhancement vanishes, or even reverses. This is
particularly the case if the R surface is convex (i.e. rising between the
binding sites), while the enhancement is only moderately reduced if the R
surface is concave. Alternatively, a weak S-R attraction close to the R
surface can increase the enhancement. It is concluded that large enhancement
should be observed only if both features are present: a concave R surface plus
a weak S-R attraction. The latter occurs for spacer material such as
polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is weakly hydrophobic and thus attracted by
protein surfaces. It is shown that the enhancement of bivalent binding can be
characterized by a single key parameter, which may also provide guidelines for
the design of multivalent complexes with large enhancement effect.Obwohl die Thermodynamik ursprünglich zur Optimierung industrieller Prozesse
entwickelt wurde, hat sie sich durch ihre breiten Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in
letzter Zeit auch einen Platz in der Biologie gesichert. Ein wichtiges Ziel in
der theoretischen Chemie stellt die genaue Abschätzung thermodynamischer
Variablen für Prozesse dar, an denen biologische Makromoleküle beteiligt sind.
Das Verständnis der Triebkräfte, die eine gewisse freie Energie bei
Makromolekülen und allgemein weicher Materie ausmachen, bedarf der
Miteinbeziehung der Flexibilität aller molekularen Freiheitsgrade. Der
entropische Beitrag zur freien Energie ist also ein unentbehrlicher
Bestandteil, unabhängig davon, ob er explizit quantifiziert wird oder bei
einem Modell in Form einer richtigen Aufzählung der Vielfachheit der
Konformationen mit einbezogen wird. Die vorliegende Dissertation liefert zu
dem Problem der Entropieberechnung zwei Beiträge: (1) Eine numerische Methode
zur Berechnung von Entropiedifferenzen bei Makromolekülen wurde entwickelt.
Sie entlehnt Techniken aus der Informationstheorie und wendet sie in der
statistischen Mechanik an. Die Methode ist bei Konformationsänderungen und
Protein-Ligandbindung verwendbar. (2) Zur Beschreibung der Verstärkung der
Bindungsaffinität bei bivalenten Liganden, die mit einem Polymer-Spacer
verknüpft sind, wurde ein geeignetes Modell entwickelt. Neu bei diesem Modell
ist die Einbeziehung von Spacer-Rezeptor-Wechselwirkungen. (a) Ausbalancierte
und von systematischen Fehlern bereinigte Berechnung konformationeller
Entropiedifferenzen für molekulare Trajektorien Die Reihenentwicklung der
wechselseitigen Information (mutual information expansion, MIE) wird benutzt,
um Differenzen in konformationeller Entropie bei Makromolekülen zu berechnen.
Die Methode ist auf Moleküldynamik- oder Monte-Carlo-Simulationsdaten von
Polymeren, Proteinen und Liganden anwendbar. Die MIE dient der
Dimensionsreduktion der Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte des konformationellen Raums
eines Makromoleküls. Die einzelnen Entwickungsterme der MIE werden mit Hilfe
einer Histogrammmethode ausgewertet. Ein internes Koordinatensystem
(Bindungslänge, Bindungswinkel und Torsionswinkel, das sogenannte BAT-System)
wird benutzt, um die, bei kartesischen Koordinaten anwesenden, störenden
Korrelationen zu vermeiden, die Entwickungsterme höherer Ordnung in der MIE
benötigen würden. Praktisch alle Entropieschätzungsmethoden, die über eine
endliche Menge von Daten verfügen, leiden an systematischen Fehlern (Bias).
Zwei Korrekturmethoden werden eingesetzt, um diese systematischen Fehler von
Histogrammmethoden auszugleichen: (1) Die Simulationsdaten werden
ausbalanciert, indem die gleiche Anzahl von Koordinatensätzen (Einzelbildern)
für beide Konformerdomänen benutzt wird. Durch dieses Ausbalancieren werden
die Schwankungen der Belegungen einzelner Histogrammsäulen für beide
Konformere im Mittel gleich groß. Dies führt zu einem effizienten
Fehlerausgleich. (2) Die Bereinigung der systematischen Fehler (Bias)
kompensiert Abweichungen, die auf Grund der endlichen Menge von Daten pro
Histogrammsäule entstanden sind. Die gleichzeitige Verwendung beider
Korrekturen verbessert die Genauigkeit der Abschätzung von Entropiedifferenzen
erheblich. Die geschätzten Entropiedifferenzen werden mit thermodynamischen
Bezugswerten für Polymer- und Peptidmodelle verglichen und stimmen mit diesen
ausgezeichnet überein. Für das Modellsystem Trialanin betrug der
durchschnittliche Fehler für die geschätzte konformationelle Entropiedifferenz
nur 0.3 J (mol K), welcher 100-mal kleiner ist als bei Weglassen beider
Korrekturmethoden. Leitlinien zur effizienten Berechnung konformationeller
Entropie werden angegeben. Die komplette Methode, einschließlich MIE 1. bis 3.
Grad, Ausbalancieren und Bereinigung von systematischen Fehlern, kann mit
Hilfe des Programms ENTROPICAL ausgeführt werden. Das Programm arbeitet auf
CHARMM- und NAMD-Topologien und -Trajektorien und wird vom Autor auf Anfrage
zur Verfügung gestellt. (b) Einfluss von Spacer-Rezeptor-Wechselwirkungen auf
die Stabilität von bivalenten Ligand-Rezeptor-Komplexen Experimente zeigen,
dass ein durch einen bivalenten Liganden (D) gebildeter Ligand-Rezeptor-
Komplex, in dem beide bindenden Einheiten mit Hilfe eines flexiblen Polymer-
Spacers kovalent verknüpft werden, um Größenordnungen stabiler sein kann als
der entsprechende, durch monomere Liganden gebildete Komplex. Bislang haben
molekulare Modelle der bivalenten Bindung den Verstärkungseffekt erklärt, ohne
die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Spacer und Rezeptor (S-R) zu berücksichtigen.
Letztere können aber die relative Stabilität der Komplexe entscheidend
beeinflussen. Wir haben Computersimulationen an geeigneten, prototypischen
Modellsystemen für den bivalenten Komplexe durchgeführt, um die Auswirkungen
der S-R-Wechselwirkungen auf die Bindungseffizienz zu untersuchen und mit
experimentellen Ergebnissen verglichen. Die modellierten S-R-Wechselwirkungen
bilden die allgemeinen Merkmale biologischer Systeme nach und werden als
R-Oberfläche mit Bergen (bzw. Tälern) an den Bindungsstellen modelliert. Im
fiktiven Grenzfall verschwindender S-R-Wechselwirkungen ist die Verstärkung
der Bindungseffizienz groß. Dies deckt sich mit experimentellen Beobachtungen,
obwohl die in der Realität sicher auftretenden S-R-Wechselwirkungen
vernachlässigt wurden. Bei rein abstoßenden S-R-Wechselwirkungen (harter
R-Oberfläche) verschwindet die Verstärkung oder kehrt sich gar um. Das ist
insbesondere bei konvexer (also zwischen den Bindungsstellen gewölbter)
R-Oberfläche der Fall, wobei die Verstärkung bei einer konkaven Oberfläche nur
unwesentlich verringert ist. Alternativ kann eine schwache S-R-Anziehung nahe
der R-Oberfläche die Verstärkung erhöhen. Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass nur
in dem Fall, dass beide Merkmale anwesend sind, eine hohe Verstärkung zu
erwarten ist: d. h. bei einer konkaven R-Oberfläche und einer schwachen
S-R-Anziehung. Letzteres tritt bei Spacermaterialien wie Polyethylenglycol
(PEG) auf, welches geringfügig hydrophob ist und aus diesem Grund von
Proteinoberflächen angezogen wird. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Verstärkung
bivalenter Bindung mit einem einzelnen Parameter gekennzeichnet werden kann,
woraus sich Leitlinien für den Entwurf multivalenter Komplexe mit hoher
Verstärkung gewinnen lassen
Matsumuramata Xing & Chen, 2014, nom. nov.
No full textGenus Matsumuramata nom. nov. Numata Matsumura, 1935: 139 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Delphacidae). Preoccupied by Numata Busck, 1906: 724 (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Gelechiidae). Type species: Stenocranus sacchari Matsumura, 1910 Etymology. The generic name is dedicated to Prof. Shōnen Matsumura who is the author of the preexisting generic name Numata. Gender: feminine.Published as part of Xing, Ji-Chun & Chen, Xiang-Sheng, 2014, Nomenclatural changes for the genus Discophorellus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991 and new replacement name for Numata Matsumura, 1935 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha), pp. 149-150 in Zootaxa 3856 (1) on page 150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/492985
Fundamental Study of the Fill-in Minimization Problem
No full textIn this paper the fill-in minimization problem which arises
at the application of the sparse matrix method for a large sparse set of linear equations is discussed from the graph-theoretic viewpoint and also through the numerical experiments. Therefore, this investigation consists of two parts, and in the former part the author shows, at first, that the elimination process of a sparse matrix is equivalently replaced to the vertex eliminations for a graph obtained from the matrix, and by use of some concepts
in the theory of graph he proves that the vertex elimination process for the minimum fill-in is equivalent to the vertex eliminations for vertices in each subgraph which is obtained by the appropriate dissection of whole graph, and that there are only two types of vertex eliminations through the process. This results in the proposal of a new model of the vertex elimination process. The latter part of this investigation is used for the verification of the results from the theoretic investigation. Through the numerical experiments he concludes that the new model of the vertex elimination process is valid, at least, for a graph like a regular finite element mesh. Furthermore, he shows that this model coincides with Nested Dissection Method which can give the minimum value of fill-in, at present
Pieri's formula for generalized Schur polynomials
No full textYoung's lattice, the lattice of all Young diagrams, has the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence, the correspondence between certain matrices and pairs of semi-standard Young tableaux with the same shape. Fomin introduced generalized Schur operators to generalize the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence. In this sense, generalized Schur operators are generalizations of semi-standard Young tableaux. We define a generalization of Schur polynomials as expansion coefficients of generalized Schur operators. We show that the commutating relation of generalized Schur operators implies Pieri's formula to generalized Schur polynomials
Tabloids and weighted sums of characters of certain modules of the symmetric groups
No full textWe consider certain modules of the symmetric groups whose basis elements are called tabloids. Some of these modules are isomorphic to subspaces of the cohomology rings of subvarieties of flag varieties as modules of the symmetric groups. We give a combinatorial description for some weighted sums of their characters, i.e., we introduce combinatorial objects called (½; l)-tableaux and rewrite weighted sums of characters as the numbers of these combinatorial objects. We also consider the meaning of these combinatorial objects, i.e., we construct a correspondence between (½; l)-tableaux and tabloids whose images are eigenvectors of the action of an element of cycle type ½ in quotient modules
Clinical and Experimental Studies on the Chemotherapy in Lung Tuberculosis Part 4. Experimental, clinical, and statistical studies on the virulency of drug-resistant tubercle bacilli - the virulency of double-resistant tubercle bacilli-
No full textIn a series of animal and in vitro eyperiments on the virulency of double-resistant tubercle bacilli and in clinical and statistical observations concerning the virulency, the author obtained the following results. 1. In the virulency tests of tubercle bacilli by subcutaneous injection to guinea pigs the virulency of each doubleresistant tubercle bacilli of H(37)Rv strain for SM plus INH and PAS plus INH, the effect is represented by the virulency of INH-resistant bacilli, showing a marked diminution of the virulency. Moreover, the degree of such a decrease is in a proportion to the resistance against INH. 2. Likewise the virulency of SH plus INH-tow drug resistant bacilli isolated from patient, resembling closely to that of H(37)Rv-(SM+INH resistant) strain, is markedly diminished. Similar result is obtained by the bacilli isolated from those cultured in the medium containing SM. This suggests the existence of a high proportion of true-doubleresistant bacilli, and the virulency of this-true double-resistant bacilli seems to play a main role in the diminution of the virulency. 3. The catalase activity of the double-resistant bacilli, including the INH-resistant, is weakened or obliterated according to the degree of the resistance against INH, and consequently a close correlation can be recognized between the activity and the virulency. 4. Viewing the changes of symptoms in the so-called two-drug resistant cases clinically and statistically, their clinical progress is far better than that of SM-single resistant cases, and just as in the case of animal experiments this seems to be due to a high proportion of the true double-resistant bacilli being contained in the strain. In other words, it suggests that the virulency of the double-resistant bacilli is also somewhat diminished even in the human body. 5. Therefore, it is clinically quite important to know accurately the existence of the true-double-resistant bacilli that may be contained in the so-called two-drug resistant strain of patients, and the author advocates that the "crossculture test" devised by himself is well suited for such a purpose. 6, The author has been able to verify the existence of a high proportion of the true double-resistant bacilli in the so-called two-drug resistant strain of patients by his "crossculture test", and he calls attention to this method of approach. 7. As the results of treatment attempted systematically on the so-called two-drug resistant cases using various drugs, some satisfactory result can be expected in the treatment with different drugs to which no resistance has been shown, but the majority of cases with the concurrent use of the drug to which the resistance is already acquired fail to be effective. This fact clinically corroborates the inclusion of a high, percentage of the true double-resistant bacilli, and this agrees well with the result of previous animal experiments. The author points out that this point has a clinical significance worthy of attention
Das Europäische als das Vertraute und das Fremde in der japanischen Kultur
No full textNach einem Rückblick auf die Einflüsse von Konfuzianismus und Buddhismus im vormodernen Japan befaßt sich der Autor mit der im 19. Jahrhundert einsetzenden und bis heute andauernden intensiven Rezeption europäischer Kultur in Japan. Dabei entwickelt er die These, daß die fremdkulturellen Einflüsse aus Europa ebenso einem ausgeprägten Prozeß der Japanisierung unterzogen wurden wie dies mit den zuvor eingeführten Philosophien und Religionen geschehen war. An drei Beispielen - dem Verständnis von Zeit, der Bedeutung von Abstraktion, den Prinzipien Kokoro und \u27Geist\u27 - zeigt der Autor das hohe Maß an Differenz zwischen europäischer und japanischer Weltsicht. Die unter anderem im Rahmen pragmatischer Bildungsreformen vorgenommene mediatisierende Übernahme \u27des Europäischen\u27 mit dem Ziel einer wissenschaftlich-technischen Modernisierung Japans berührte kaum die kulturellen Tiefenstrukturen, so daß die europäische Kultur den Japanern bis heute weitgehend fremdartig erscheint. (DIPF/Orig.)Following a retrospective on the impact of Confucianism and Buddhism on premodern Japan, the author deals with the intensive reception of European culture in Japan, starting in the nineteenth Century and still persisting today. In this, the proposes the thesis that the foreign cultural influences from Europe did in fact undergo a just as pronounced process of Japanization as had done the philosophies and religions introduced previously. On the basis of three examples - the concept of time, the meaning of abstraction, the principals of kokoro and "mind" - the author demonstrates the high degree of difference between European and Japanese world views. This process of appropriation of "the European", undertaken for instance within the framework of pragmatic educational reforms aiming at a scientific-technical modernization of Japan, hardly touched the cultural deep structures so that the European culture has remained largely foreign to the Japanese even until today. (DIPF/Orig.
A general approach to indolizidine alkaloids from 1-benzyloxy-5-(p-toluenesulfonamido)-3-alken-2-ols: synthesis of (+)-monomorine I
No full textA versatile method for the preparation of indolizidine alkaloids from 1-benzyloxy-5-(p-toluenesulfonamido)-3-alken-2-ols as stereodefined key intermediates has been developed. The utility of this approach was demonstrated by the synthesis of (+)-monomorine I.PT: J; CR: BACKVALL JE, 1990, J ORG CHEM, V55, P826 BAILEY AJ, 1993, INORG CHEM, V32, P268 BERRY MB, 1997, CHEM COMMUN 1121, P2141 CUNY GD, 1995, SYNLETT, P519 DALY JW, 1983, SCIENCE, P705 DALY JW, 1986, ALKALOIDS CHEM BIOL, V4, CH1 GAO Y, 1995, J AM CHEM SOC, V117, P5399 GRIFFITH WP, 1987, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P1625 GRIFFITH WP, 1990, ALDRICHIM ACTA, V23, P13 HAMADA Y, 1987, J ORG CHEM, V52, P1252 HOWARD AS, 1986, ALKALOIDS, V28, CH6 ITO M, 1991, TETRAHEDRON, V47, P9329 KROHN K, 1998, J PRAK CHEM-CHEM ZTG, V340, P26 MICHAEL JP, 1995, NAT PROD REP, V12, P535 MOMOSE T, 1997, J CHEM SOC PERK 0507, P1315 MUNCHHOF MJ, 1995, J AM CHEM SOC, V117, P5399 NUMATA A, 1987, ALKALOIDS, V31, CH3 PARIKH JR, 1967, J AM CHEM SOC, V89, P5505 PETTERSSONFASTH H, 1995, J ORG CHEM, V60, P6091 PETTERSSONFASTH P, 1994, THESIS UPPSALA U RITTER FJ, 1973, EXPERIENTIA, V29, P530 ROYER J, 1985, J ORG CHEM, V50, P670 SALIOU C, 1991, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V32, P3365 SHAWE TT, 1994, J ORG CHEM, V59, P5841 SOMFAI P, 1997, ACTA CHEM SCAND, V51, P1024 STEVENS RV, 1982, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P102 STOWELL JC, 1979, SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART, P132 STOWELL JC, 1990, ORG SYNTH COLL, V7, P140 TAKAHATA H, 1993, ALKALOIDS, V44, CH3 TAKAHATA H, 1993, HETEROCYCLES, V36, P2777 TOKUYAMA T, 1986, TETRAHEDRON, V42, P3453 TROST BM, 1978, J AM CHEM SOC, V100, P3426 YAMAGUCHI R, 1987, J ORG CHEM, V52, P2094 YAMAZAKI N, 1988, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V29, P5767 YAMAZAKI N, 1989, J AM CHEM SOC, V111, P1396; NR: 35; TC: 9; J9: EUR J ORG CHEM; PG: 4; GA: 313PNSource type: Electronic(1
Growth promotion of Al-induced crystallized Ge films on insulators by insertion of a Ge membrane below the Al layer
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