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Boon and Bane: How Perfectionism Shapes Employee Well-Being Through Health-Impairing and Motivational Processes
No full textEs scheint wenig verwunderlich, dass Perfektionismus in einer zunehmend kompetitiven Welt ansteigt (Curran & Hill, 2019). Diese multidimensionale Persönlichkeitsdisposition betrifft besonders den Lebensbereich der Arbeit und kann für Beschäftigte eine Quelle von erhöhtem Stress und vermindertem Wohlbefinden darstellen (Ocampo et al., 2020; Stoeber & Stoeber, 2009). Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es, die ambivalente Rolle von Perfektionismus in diesem spezifischen Kontext zu verstehen, wobei ein Schwerpunkt darauf lag, die unterschiedlichen Zusammenhänge der Dimensionen “Self-Oriented Perfectionism“ (SOP; äußerst hohe Ansprüche, die Personen für sich selbst haben) und „Socially Prescribed Perfectionism“ (SPP; der Eindruck, dass andere Perfektion von einem selbst erwarten) mit dem Wohlbefinden von Beschäftigten zu erklären. Konkret wurde das „Job Demands-Resources“-Modell (JD-R, Bakker & Demerouti, 2007; Demerouti et al., 2001; Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004) als orientierender Rahmen genutzt, um relevante Arbeitsanforderungen und Ressourcen zu identifizieren, auf die Perfektionismus sich auswirken könnte (Forschungsfrage 1). Als weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit sollten gesundheitsschädliche und motivationale Prozesse des Modells betrachtet werden, um aufzuzeigen, über welche Mechanismen Perfektionismus mit dem Wohlbefinden von Beschäftigten zusammenhängt, sowie auf diesen Prozessen basierende Interventionsansätze (Forschungsfrage 2).
Die vier Manuskripte, welche die Grundlage dieser Dissertation bilden, bezogen sich jeweils auf eine oder mehrere dieser Forschungsfragen. Jedes der Manuskripte hatte dabei einen eigenen Fokus und behandelte bislang unbeantwortete Fragen bisheriger Forschung. Manuskript 1 beleuchtete die Frage, wie perfektionistische Mitarbeitende von potentiellen Teammitgliedern gesehen werden und in welchem Ausmaß sie an ihrem Arbeitsplatz eine soziale Einbindung erleben. In Manuskript 2 untersuchten wir, ob Zeitdruck als Arbeitsanforderung in Kombination mit dem mentalen Abschalten von der Arbeit in der Freizeit (“Detachment“) als Erholungserfahrung erklärt, warum manche Perfektionisten vulnerabel für beeinträchtigten Schlaf sind. Manuskript 3 fokussierte die Frage, ob die drei Grundbedürfnisse nach Autonomie, Kompetenz und Zugehörigkeit eine Schnittstelle zu einerseits vermindertem aber auch gesteigertem Wohlbefinden von Beschäftigten darstellen können. Zuletzt untersuchten wir in Manuskript 4, ob bereits eine kurze App-basierte Achtsamkeitsintervention perfektionistische Kognitionen reduzieren sowie Detachment und die Schlafqualität verbessern kann.
In Manuskript 1 bauten wir auf dem „Perfectionism Social Disconnection“- Modell (Hewitt et al., 2006) und der darin enthaltenen Annahme auf, dass Perfektionismus zu interpersonellen Schwierigkeiten beitragen kann und untersuchten, inwiefern die verschiedenen Dimensionen unterschiedlich mit sozialen Arbeitsanforderungen und Ressourcen zusammenhängen. Studie 1 bezog sich dabei auf die Perspektive der Teammitglieder (experimentell; N = 184) und zeigte, dass Beschäftigte es vorziehen mit einem nicht perfektionistischen Teammitglied zu arbeiten, außer sie haben selbst hohe Ansprüche an ihr Umfeld. In Studie 2 (querschnittlich, N = 279), welche die Perspektive von perfektionistischen Beschäftigen selbst fokussierte, war SPP die einzige Dimension, die ein konsistentes Muster von geringer sozialer Eingebundenheit zeigte, das soziale Ausgrenzung und zwischenmenschliche Konflikte als soziale Arbeitsanforderungen und ein Fehlen von sozialer Unterstützung als Arbeitsressource umfasste.
In Manuskript 2 verknüpften wir die Perfektionismus-Literatur mit dem Stressor-Detachment Modell (Sonnentag & Fritz, 2015) und nahmen an, dass Unterschiede in der täglichen Generierung von Stress, operationalisiert als täglicher Zeitdruck, und im Detachment relevante gesundheitsschädliche Prozesse sein können, die erklären, warum üblicherweise SPP, nicht aber SOP mit schlechter Schlafqualität einhergeht. Die Ergebnisse der Tagebuchstudie (N = 70) unterstützten Zeitdruck, eine aufgabenbezogene Arbeitsanforderung, und anschließendes vermindertes Detachment als seriellen Prozess zwischen SPP und beeinträchtigtem Schlaf. Die angenommene entgegengesetzte serielle Mediation für SOP durch geringeren Zeitdruck, sowie Detachment als separater Mechanismus wurden nicht bestätigt, aber es zeigte sich ein positiver direkter Effekt von SOP auf Schlafqualität.
In Manuskript 3 setzten wir an der Self-Determination Theory und der Erfüllung der Bedürfnisse nach Autonomie, Kompetenz und Zugehörigkeit an (Deci & Ryan, 2000) und untersuchten die drei Bedürfnisse als gesundheitsschädliche und motivationale Pfade zwischen den Dimensionen von Perfektionismus und dem Arbeitsengagement, der Arbeitszufriedenheit und der Erschöpfung von Beschäftigten. Die Befunde einer Online-Studie über zwei Messzeitpunkte im Abstand von drei Monaten (N = 328 zu MZP1 und N = 138 zu MZP2) betonen die spezifischen Rollen der drei Bedürfnisse darin, die unterschiedlichen Zusammenhänge von SOP und SPP mit dem Wohlbefinden von Beschäftigten zu erklären. Dabei zeigte sich die Erfüllung des Autonomiebedürfnisses sich als besonders relevant für das Arbeitsengagement.
Schließlich betrachteten wir in Manuskript 4 Perfektionismus und die dazu gehörigen dynamischen Kognitionen als eine Antipode zur persönlichen Ressource der Achtsamkeit. Wir testeten, ob eine App-basierte Achtsamkeitsintervention perfektionistische Kognitionen reduzieren und Detachment und beeinträchtigten Schlaf als wichtige erholungsrelevante Konzepte verbessern kann. Im Vergleich zu Teilnehmenden in der Wartelisten-Kontrollgruppe (n = 45) berichteten jene in der Interventionsgruppe (n = 38) vorübergehend einen Anstieg der Achtsamkeit und eine Verringerung der sorgenbezogenen perfektionistischen Kognitionen. Es wurden keine signifikanten Veränderungen bezüglich der erholungsbezogenen Outcomes festgestellt. Dennoch liefern die Befunde dieser randomisierten kontrollierten Studie einen ersten Nachweis dafür, dass App-basierte Achtsamkeitsinterventionen eine Möglichkeit darstellen, um dynamische Aspekte von Perfektionismus zu reduzieren.
Zusammenfassend betonen die vier Manuskripte den zweischneidigen Einfluss von Perfektionismus auf verschiedene Aspekte des Arbeitslebens und das Wohlbefinden von Beschäftigten. Es kommt dabei auf die spezifische Dimension an, ob Perfektionismus Fluch oder Segen ist. Unseren Ergebnissen zufolge hängt SPP darüber negativ mit dem Wohlbefinden zusammen, dass diese Dimension zu Arbeitsanforderungen beiträgt und den gesundheitsschädlichen Prozess anstößt und Ressourcen und den motivationalen Prozess hemmt. Demgegenüber hängt SOP positiv mit dem Wohlbefinden zusammen, weil diese Dimension, zumindest zu einem gewissen Grad, den gesundheitsschädlichen Prozess hemmt und gleichzeitig den motivationalen Prozess anstößt. Dynamische Aspekte von Perfektionismus können bereits durch niederschwellige Interventionen adressiert werden. Die Herausforderung, Perfektionismus in das JD-R Modell zu integrieren, Ansätze für zukünftige Forschung, um den konzeptionellen Rahmen dieser Dissertation zu stärken und zu erweitern, sowie praktische Implikationen werden diskutiert.It is unsurprising that perfectionism is rising in a world that is increasingly competitive (Curran & Hill, 2019). This multidimensional personality disposition especially affects the domain of work and may place employees at risk for high stress and poor well-being (Ocampo et al., 2020; Stoeber & Stoeber, 2009). The present dissertation aimed to understand the ambivalent role of perfectionism in this specific context with an emphasis on explaining the different associations of self-oriented perfectionism (SOP; exceptionally high demands that people have for themselves) and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP; the belief that others expect perfection from oneself) with employee well-being. Specifically, the job demands-resources (JD-R, Bakker & Demerouti, 2007; Demerouti et al., 2001; Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004) model was used as a guiding framework to identify relevant job demands and resources (Research Question 1) that perfectionism may shape. Drawing on this model, this work also aimed to capture health-impairing and motivational processes that may explain by which mechanisms perfectionism relates to employee well-being and possible intervention approaches that build on these processes (Research Question 2).
The four manuscripts that are the basis of this dissertation each referred to one or more aspects of these research questions. Each of the manuscripts had a unique focus and related to questions that remained unanswered from previous research. First, Manuscript 1 addressed the question of how perfectionist colleagues are seen by potential team members and to what extent perfectionists experience social disconnection or integration in the workplace. Second, we investigated, in Manuscript 2, whether time pressure as a job demand in combination with the recovery experience of detachment (the mental disconnection from work during leisure time) explains why some perfectionists are vulnerable to impaired sleep. Third, Manuscript 3 focused on whether the three basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness represent a crossroad linking the dimensions of perfectionism to either impaired or enhanced well-being of employees. Lastly, in Manuscript 4, we investigated whether a short app-based mindfulness intervention may reduce perfectionistic cognitions and improve detachment and impaired sleep.
Concretely, in Manuscript 1 we built on the perfectionism social disconnection model (Hewitt et al., 2006) with its proposition that this disposition may contribute to interpersonal difficulties and examined the role of the perfectionism dimensions in differently shaping social demands and resources. Study 1 concerned the colleagues’ perspective (experimental; N = 184) and indicated that employees would favour working with a non-perfectionist colleague unless they have high demands for their colleagues themselves. In Study 2 (cross-sectional, N = 279), which addressed the perfectionists’ perspective, SPP was the only dimension that displayed a consistent pattern of social disconnection, including social exclusion and interpersonal conflicts as social job demands and a lack of social support as a resource.
In Manuscript 2, we linked the perfectionism literature and the stressor-detachment model (Sonnentag & Fritz, 2015) and assumed that differences in daily stress generation, operationalised as daily time pressure, and detachment may be relevant health-impairing processes explaining why SPP but not SOP is typically related to poor sleep quality. Findings from the diary study (N = 70) provided support for time pressure, a task-related job demand, and subsequently reduced detachment as a serial process that underlies SPP and impaired sleep. The assumed opposite serial mediation concerning SOP via decreased time pressure and detachment as a separate mechanism were not confirmed, but a direct effect of SOP indicating restful sleep was revealed.
In Manuscript 3 we drew on self-determination theory and the concept of autonomy, competence, and relatedness satisfaction (Deci & Ryan, 2000) and examined the three needs as health-impairing and motivational pathways relating the dimensions of perfectionism to employees’ work engagement, job satisfaction, and exhaustion. Results from a two-wave online study conducted over 3 months (N = 328 at T1 and N = 138 at T2) emphasize the unique roles of the three needs in explaining the different relationships of SOP and SPP to employee well-being with autonomy satisfaction being especially relevant for work engagement.
Lastly, in Manuscript 4, we considered perfectionism with its more state-like cognitions as an antipode to the personal resource of mindfulness and tested the effectiveness of an app-based mindfulness intervention in reducing perfectionistic cognitions and improving detachment and impaired sleep quality as important concepts related to recovery. As compared to participants in the wait-list control group (n = 45), those in the intervention group (n = 38) reported a temporary increase in mindfulness and a decrease in perfectionistic concern cognitions. No significant changes in the recovery-related outcomes were found. However, findings from the randomised controlled trial provide initial evidence that app-based mindfulness interventions are a possibility to reduce state-like aspects of perfectionism.
To conclude, the four manuscripts highlight the duality of perfectionism in shaping various aspects of employees’ working life and their well-being. Whether perfectionism can be considered as a boon or bane, depends on the specific dimension. According to our findings, SPP negatively relates to well-being in that it contributes to job demands and the health impairment process and inhibits resources and the motivational process. By contrast, SOP positively relates to well-being because this dimension hinders, at least to some extent, the health impairment process while it may also foster the motivational process. State-like aspects of perfectionism may be already addressed by low-threshold interventions. The challenge of integrating perfectionism in the JD-R model, avenues for future research to strengthen and extend the conceptual framework of this dissertation, and practical implications are discussed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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