5 research outputs found
The Pragmatic Functions of the Marker Sawa in Spoken Swahili
No full textThis study examines the pragmatic functions of the marker sawa in spoken Swahili. The data have been obtained from informal conversations made by Swahili speakers in informal social settings. These settings include “vijiwe vya kahawa” (setting of informal conversations created around people drinking coffee) and "vijiwe vya mamantilie” (setting of informal conversations created around women preparing and selling food on the streets). The analysis of the data, performed within the framework of the contextualization theory (Gumperz 1982), shows that, apart from its basic connotation of agreement, the marker sawa conveys other meanings, depending on these very contexts of communication, and therefore acquires also various pragmatic functions. The pragmatic functions identified in this work include: to show that the speaker agrees with what has been said but on a condition (I agree, but…), as a receipt marker, as a tag-positioned-comprehension check, as an answer to the question showing that the speaker has understood what has been said (Yes, I understand), as a continuer, as a negative releasing marker, and as a gap filler. Interestingly, the study shows also that intonation and other paralinguistic features (like gestures) play a role in determining the pragmatic functions of this marker. The article concludes that the pragmatic markers in spoken Swahili are rich in meanings and are used to show speakers’ attitudes and emotions, therefore manifesting a deep and meaningful interconnection between the language and its contextualized experience
Dhima za Kialami Pragmatiki ‘mh’ katika Mazungumzo ya Kiswahili
No full textMakala hii inachunguza dhima za kialami pragmatiki mh katika mazungumzo ya Kiswahili. Data ya makala hii imekusanywa kutoka katika mazungumzo yasiyo rasmi ya Kiswahili yanayofanywa katika maeneo yasiyo rasmi. Maeneo hayo ni kama kwenye vijiwe vya kahawa na vijiwe vya mamantilie. Uchambuzi wa data za makala hii umeongozwa na Nadharia ya Umuktadhaishaji ya Gumperz (1982). Matokeo ya utafiti huu yanaonesha kwamba kialami pragmatiki mh huchanuza maana tofautitofauti kulingana na muktadha kinamotumika. Kwa hiyo, kialami pragmatiki hicho huwa na dhima mbalimbali za kipragmatiki. Baadhi ya dhima hizo ni kama vile kuashiria kuitika, kumtaka mzungumzaji arudie kauli au swali, kumjulisha mshiriki mwingine wa mazungumzo apokee au achukue kitu, kudokeza kwamba mzungumzaji anaanzisha mazungumzo, kumruhusu mzungumzaji mwingine aendelee kuzungumza, kutumika kama jibu la swali na kuonesha hisia mbalimbali kama vile dharau na mshangao. Kwa ujumla, makala hii inaadokeza kwamba vialami pragmatiki vina dhima mbalimbali katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Hivyo, tafiti zaidi zifanyike ili kubaini dhima za vialami pragmatiki vingine katika lugha hii. Aidha, kialami pragmatiki mh kinaweza kuchunguzwa zaidi kwa kuhusisha na taaluma za fonolojia na fonetiki ili kubaini ruwaza zake na athari zake kwenye maana za kialami hicho
Dhima za Kipragmatiki za Kialami Pragmatiki ‘eh’ katika Kiswahili cha Mazungumzo
No full textVialami Pragmatiki (VIPRA) ni eneo ambalo limepata mashiko katika uwanja wa isimu. Hali hii imepelekea VIPRA kuchunguzwa katika lugha mbalimbali ulimwenguni kama vile Kiingereza (Taz. Schiffrin, 1987 na Zarei, 2013), Kijerumani (Taz. Hogeweg na wenzake 2016), Kidachi (Taz. Hoek, 2013), Kigiriki (Taz Archakis, 2001), Kichina (Taz. Chen na He, 2001), Kiitaliano (Taz. Bazanella, 1990), Kihispania (Taz. Durán na Unamuno, 2001) Kituruki (Taz. Yilmaz, 2004) na Kiindonesia (Taz. Nasir, 2017). Hata hivyo, VIPRA katika lugha ya Kiswahili havijachunguzwa. Makala haya yanakusudia kuchunguza kuhusu dhima za kipragmatiki za kialami pragmatiki (KIPRA) eh katika Kiswahili cha mazungumzo. Data za makala haya zimekusanywa kutoka katika mazungumzo yasiyo rasmi yanayofanywa na wazungumzaji wa Kiswahili katika maeneo yasiyo rasmi kama vile kwenye vijiwe vya kahawa na vijiwe vya mamantilie. Matokeo ya uchunguzi huu yanaonesha kwamba licha ya KIPRA eh kuwa na maana yake ya msingi ambayo ni kukubaliana na jambo, huchanuza pia maana nyingine za ziada kama vile mshangao, swali na msisitizo. Tabia hiyo hukifanya KIPRA hicho kuwa na dhima mbalimbali za kipragmatiki
Dhima za kipragmatiki za kialami pragmatiki ‘ah’ katika mazungumzo ya Kiswahili
No full textThis study examines the pragmatic functions of the pragmatic markers ah in spoken Kiswahili. The data has been obtained from informal conversations made by Swahili speakers in informal social settings. These include ‘vijiwe vya kahawa’ (setting of informal conversations created around people drinking coffee) and ‘vijiwe vya mamantilie’ (setting of informal conversations around women preparing and selling food on the streets). Using Conversation Analysis (Sacks, 1962) and Contextualization Theory (Gumpers, 1982), the results show that the pragmatic marker ah conveys different meanings depending on context of use and hence has various pragmatic functions. Among the pragmatic functions identified in this article are; to be used as gap filler (the interlocutor is thinking about what to say), is used to start the conversation, is used to disagree with what the other interlocutor has said, to show that the speaker has changed from the state of not knowing to the state of knowing (Now I get you) and to show exclamation. Interestingly, also, the study shows that intonation and other paralinguistic features (like gestures) play a role in determining the pragmatic functions of this marker. Generally, this article concludes that pragmatic markers in spoken Kiswahili are rich in meanings. Therefore, they are wealthy to be investigated
Efficacy and safety of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine during 18 months after vaccination : a phase 3 randomized, controlled trial in children and young infants at 11 African sites
No full textA malaria vaccine could be an important addition to current control strategies. We report the safety and vaccine efficacy (VE) of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine during 18 mo following vaccination at 11 African sites with varying malaria transmission.; 6,537 infants aged 6-12 wk and 8,923 children aged 5-17 mo were randomized to receive three doses of RTS,S/AS01 or comparator vaccine. VE against clinical malaria in children during the 18 mo after vaccine dose 3 (per protocol) was 46% (95% CI 42% to 50%) (range 40% to 77%; VE, p>0.01 across all sites). VE during the 20 mo after vaccine dose 1 (intention to treat [ITT]) was 45% (95% CI 41% to 49%). VE against severe malaria, malaria hospitalization, and all-cause hospitalization was 34% (95% CI 15% to 48%), 41% (95% CI 30% to 50%), and 19% (95% CI 11% to 27%), respectively (ITT). VE against clinical malaria in infants was 27% (95% CI 20% to 32%, per protocol; 27% [95% CI 21% to 33%], ITT), with no significant protection against severe malaria, malaria hospitalization, or all-cause hospitalization. Post-vaccination anti-circumsporozoite antibody geometric mean titer varied from 348 to 787 EU/ml across sites in children and from 117 to 335 EU/ml in infants (per protocol). VE waned over time in both age categories (Schoenfeld residuals p>0.001). The number of clinical and severe malaria cases averted per 1,000 children vaccinated ranged across sites from 37 to 2,365 and from -1 to 49, respectively; corresponding ranges among infants were -10 to 1,402 and -13 to 37, respectively (ITT). Meningitis was reported as a serious adverse event in 16/5,949 and 1/2,974 children and in 9/4,358 and 3/2,179 infants in the RTS,S/AS01 and control groups, respectively.; RTS,S/AS01 prevented many cases of clinical and severe malaria over the 18 mo after vaccine dose 3, with the highest impact in areas with the greatest malaria incidence. VE was higher in children than in infants, but even at modest levels of VE, the number of malaria cases averted was substantial. RTS,S/AS01 could be an important addition to current malaria control in Africa
