10 research outputs found
PERTAUTAN ANTARA READER, TEXT, DAN AUTHOR DALAM MEMAHAMI NASH
No full textIn the process of understanding the religious text, the reader, text, and author are the three elements that each other are inseparable and / or interrelated. Separating the three can lead to an attitude of authoritarianism in understanding the meaning of texts. The attitude of authoritarianism is an act of arbitrariness in understanding the meaning of texts so it is not uncommon to assume the correct understanding.To avoid such authoritarianism, according to Khaled, negotiations between the three (reader, text, and author) should be established, so that each does not dominate each other in the process of determining the meaning of texts. In other words, the determination of meaning comes from a complex, interactive, dynamic and dialectical process between the three elements (text, author, and the reader). In addition, to stem, prevent and refrain, groups, and religious organizations from authoritarianism in determining the meaning of religious texts, Khaled also proposed five precepts: honesty, self-control, sincerity, whole, and rationality.</jats:p
Eimeria yemenensae n.sp. ( Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the rock agama ( Agama yemenensis) in Saudi Arabia
No full textEimeria yemenensae nsp. is described from the intestine of Agama yemenensis from Asir, southern region, Saudi
Arabia, Sporulated oocysts are elongate-ellipsoid, 29.2 X 17.6 (26.4-31.5 X 15519.0) pm, with smooth greenish-yellow
bilayered wall, 1.03 (0.9-1.3) pm. Micropyle, polar granule and oocyst residuum are absent. Sporocysts are
ellipsoid, 10.5 x 7.0 (8.0-11.0 X 6.4-7.8) pm. Sporocyst residuum is present. The sporocysts lack a Stieda body.
Sporozoitesa re crescent-shapedb,l unt at one end and slightly tapered at the other. Eimeria speciesfr om Agamidae
are compared.Corresponding Author:
Prof. Dr. Khaled AL-Rasheid
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud Unicersity P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Email
Burden of Stroke in Europe: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study Findings From 2010 to 2019
No full textBACKGROUND:While most European Regions perform well in global comparisons, large discrepancies within stroke epidemiological parameters exist across Europe. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the stroke burden across European regions and countries in 2019 and its difference to 2010.METHODS:The GBD 2019 analytical tools were used to evaluate regional and country-specific estimates of incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years of stroke for the European Region as defined by the World Health Organization, with its 53 member countries (EU-53) and for European Union as defined in 2019, with its 28 member countries (EU-28), between 2010 and 2019. Results were analyzed at a regional, subregional, and country level.RESULTS:In EU-53, the absolute number of incident and prevalent strokes increased by 2% (uncertainty interval [UI], 0%-4%), from 1 767 280 to 1 802 559 new cases, and by 4% (UI, 3%-5%) between 2010 and 2019, respectively. In EU-28, the absolute number of prevalent strokes and stroke-related deaths increased by 4% (UI, 2%-5%) and by 6% (UI, 1%-10%), respectively. All-stroke age-standardized mortality rates, however, decreased by 18% (UI, -22% to -14%), from 82 to 67 per 100 000 people in the EU-53, and by 15% (UI, -18% to -11%), from 49.3 to 42.0 per 100 000 people in EU-28. Despite most countries presenting reductions in age-adjusted incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life year rates, these rates remained 1.4x, 1.2x, 1.6x, and 1.7x higher in EU-53 in comparison to the EU-28.CONCLUSIONS:EU-53 showed a 2% increase in incident strokes, while they remained stable in EU-28. Age-standardized rates were consistently lower for all-stroke burden parameters in EU-28 in comparison to EU-53, and huge discrepancies in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-year rates were observed between individual countries
Eimeria auratae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infecting the lizard Mabuya aurata in Saudi Arabia
No full textEimeria auratae n. sp. was described from the gall bladder of the lizard Mabuya aurata collected at Al-Hofuf village, eastern region, Saudi Arabia. Morphology of sporulated as well as non-sporulated oocysts were studied. Sporulated oocysts were ellipsoidal 22-31.5x13.5-21.8 (27.7x18.5) microm with smooth brownish-yellow bilayered wall, 1.1 (0.9-1.3) microm. Micropyle, polar granule and oocyst residuum were absent. Sporocysts were ellipsoidal 10.5-12.8x7.5-9 (11.8x8.5) microm. Sporocyst residuum was present but Stieda body was absent. Sporozoites were crescent-shaped, blunt at one end and slightly tapered at the other. Eimeria species from Scincidae were compared.Corresponding Author:
Prof. Mohammed S. ALyousif, Department of Zoology
College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Email: [email protected]
POWER AND LOVE IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED
No full text
POWER AND LOVE IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED
Diah Hayusulistyo Wardani
English Literature Study Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University
[email protected]
Prof. Dr. FD Kurnia, M.pd.
English Literature Study Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University
Abstrak
Naskah ini berkenaan dengan cinta dan kekuatan yang digambarkan secara berbeda pada tiap jenis cinta yang terjadi antara karakter-karakter pada And The Mountains Echoed, Baba Ayub, Qais, Abdullah, Pari Wahdati, Markos Varvaris, Nabi, Pari Abdullah, dan Nila Wahdati. Cinta dan kekuatan telah menjadi topic utama novel ini sejak di terbitkan pada tahum 2013. Karenanya pembelajaran ini focus pada dua masalah utama, (1) Apa jenis-jenis cinta yang digambarkan pada Khaled Hosseini novel And The Mountains Echoed, dan (2) Bagaimana cinta dan kekuatan digambarkan pada Khaled Hosseini novel And The Mountains Echoed. Data- data pada skripsi ini diambil dari novel yang menjadi sumber data utama dan membaca intensif untuk langkah analisa selanjutnya. Terdapat tiga konsep utama yang akan digunakan, pertama adalah teori umum tentang cinta oleh Thomas Lewis, Fari Amini, dan Richard Lanon, kedua yakni jenis-jenis cinta oleh C.S Lewis, dan yang ketigaadalah konsep cinta dan kekuatan oleh Adam Khane. Untuk menjawab masalah yang pertama, pembelajaran ini menggunakan konsep jenis-jenis cinta yang digambarkan oleh karakter-karakter pada novel. Kemudian masalah kedua dijawab dengan konsep dari cinta dan kekuatan oleh Khane dan mencaritau perbedaan penggambaran cinta dan kekuatan pada tiap jenis-jenis cinta. Selain itu, skripsi ini menggunakan kajian pustaka, analisis dan deskripsi. Kajian pustakadigunakan untuk mengumpulkan data yang diperlukan. Analisa digunakan untuk menganalisa data yang telah didapat berdasarkan teori teori. Deskripsi digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan hasil analisa. Setelah melalui analisa panjang dengan menggunakan tiga macam metode diatas, hal ini dapat mengungkapkan penggambaran dari jenis-jenis cinta bahwa Kasih Sayang digambarkan anatara Baba Ayub dan Qais, Abdullah and Pari Wahdati, dan atara Shuja(seekor anjing) dan Pari; Pertemanan digambarkan antara Markos dan Nabi, dan atara Pari Wahdati dan Pari Abdulah; Percintaan digambarkan antara Nabi dan Nila Wahdati; Derma digambarkan oleh Markos Varvaris. Cinta dan kekuatan digambarkan pada tiap jenis-jenis cinta dengan caranya masing-masing.menyatukan atau dengan sengaja menjauhkan dua orang, menuturkan sejarah kehidupan, saling melengkapi dan berjalan beriringan sty sama lain.
Katakunci: Cinta, jenis-jenis cinta, cinta dan kekutan
Abstract
This paper deals with power and love that depicted in different way by each kinds of love that happened between characters of And The Mountains Echoed, Baba Ayub, Qais, Abdullah, Pari Wahdati, MarkosVarvaris, Nabi, Pari Abdullah, and NilaWahdati. Love and power has become the main topic of this novel since it was published in 2013. Thus this study focuses on two major problems, (1) What kinds of love are depicted in KhaledHosseini’s AndThe Mountains Echoed, and (2) How are power and love depicted in KhaledHosseini’sAnd The Mountains Echoed. The data of the thesis is taken from the novel as the main source and intensive reading to next step of analysis. There are three main concepts that will be used, first is the general theory of love by Thomas Lewis, FariAmini, and Richard Lannon, second is kinds of love by C.S Lewis, and the third is the concept of power and love by Adam Khane. To answer the first problems, this study are using the concept of kinds of love that depicted by the characters in the novel. Then the second problems are answered by the concept of power and love by Khane and find out the different depiction of power and love in each kinds of love. Moreover, this thesis used library research, analysis and description. Library research is used to college data needed. An analysis is used to analyze the collected data based on the theories. Description is used to describe the result of analysis. After getting through long analysis by using three kinds of method above, it can reveal the depiction of kinds of love that Affection depicted between Baba Ayub and Qais, Abdullah and Pari, and between Pari and Shuja (a dog); Friendship depicted between Markos and Nabi, and between PariWahdati and Pari Abdullah; Eros depicted between Nabi and NilaWahdati; and Charity, depicted by MarkosVarvaris. Power and love depict by each kinds of love in their own way, unites or intentionally spares the two people, resembles the history of life, complete and walks together side by side.
Keywords: Love ;Kinds of Love; Power and love.
INTRODUCTION
Love is an interesting topic to be discussed. In fact, when we do search in Google about love, we can find that there are 5,930,000,000 posting discuss love. Thomas Lewis, Fari Amini, and Richard Lannon in their book titled A General Theory of Love explain that love can deliver us to understand our self, and it can also shape our personality. From the beginning till the end of human life, love is not merely centered to the activity we have but also to the life power of the mind, decide our feelings, balancing the bodily rhythms, and reconstruct our brain arrangement. Our identities is fixed and determined by relationship that guaranteed by the body’s physiology (2000, p. viii).
We can find love in much kind of literary works. Love has always been a favorite topic for poets, novelist and songwriters. It has always relationship with literature. And it is difficult to imagine literature without love. Love becomes so universal theme because of the remarkable variety of its world. Nothing else unite human being so emphatically declares at the same time the plurality of living (Bayley; 3, 1960)
One of the novelists that keen on writing love as a topic is Khaled Hosseini, an Afghan-born American physician. He is one of the most widely read and beloved novelist in the world. He has told his reader many things about love with Afghan as a background.
The Kite Runner published in 2003 by Riverhed Books, Penguin Group division. Although the themes of the novel are about familial relationship, particularly father and son, the price of disloyalty, the inhumanity of rigid class system, and the horrific realities of war, the main theme of Khaled’d writing was LOVE, described trough that universals aspect.
In 2007, The Kite Runner was followed by his second novel A Thousand Splendid Suns, which has spent 21 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list for paperback fiction and 49 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller, list for hardcover fiction (number one for 15 of those weeks). This novel told the reader about two women find comfort and positive side following their self revelation under the endorsement of particular tradition that used to be perceived as the symbol of female subordination of love.
The recent Khaled’s novel is And The Mountain Echoed published in 2013 by River Head Books, a member of Penguin Group in New York. Khaled provide the great example of power and love which makes the readers find refreshment. The main story was bout the great affection between motherless siblings. Other kinds of love also provide by Khaled trough the supporting characters and they are also interesting to be discussed. He explores many ways in which family members love, wound, betray, honor, and sacrifice for another; and how often the readers surprised by the actions of those closest to us, at the time that matter most (And The Mountains Echoed cover).
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
General Theory of Love
In A General Theory of Love by Thomas Lewis, Richard Lannon, and Fari Amini in their book preface explain that love can deliver us to understand our self, and it can also shape our personality. From the beginning till the end of human life, love is not merely centered to the activity we have but also to the life power of the mind, decide our feelings, balancing the bodily rhythms, and reconstruct our brain arrangement. Our identities is fixed and determined by relationship that guaranteed by the body’s physiology (2000, p. viii).
Given the open-loop physiology of mammals and their dependence on limbic regulation, attachment interruptions are dangerous. They ought to be highly aversive. And so they are: like a shattered knee or a scratched cornea, relationship ruptures deliver agony. Most people say that no pain is greater than losing someone they love (2000, p. 93).
A child enveloped in a particular style of relatedness learns its special intricacies and particular rhythms, as he distills a string of instances into the simpler tenets they exemplify. As he does so, he arrives at an intuitive knowledge of love that forever evades consciousness. He owes the ignorance of his own heart not to repression but to the brains dual memory design. The frustrating illegibility of love's book is, as software makers say of problems with their programs, a feature and not a bug (2000, p. 116).
If a child has the right parents, he learns the right principles—that love means protection, caretaking, loyalty, sacrifice. He comes to know it not because he is told, but because his brain automatically narrows crowded confusion into a few regular prototypes (2000, p. 116).
Kinds of Love
The author of best seller fantasy novel titled Narnia, C.S Lewis, in his book The Four Loves (1960), argued that love is divided into four types. They are affection,friendship, eros and charity.
1. Affection
Storge or affection is a love happened between parents with their offspring and also the offspring for parents. In order to explain this term, Lewis provide an example begun from a mother nursing a baby, a bitch or a cat with a basketful of puppies or kittens; all in squeaking, nuzzling heap together; punings, lickings, baby-talk, milk, warmth, the smell of young life(1960, pp. 53-54)
Affection, for Lewis, is enlarging far away beyond the relation between mother and her offspring, it happened in animal life, moreover to our own. The feeling get it satisfaction when get together, more than have everything, warm and so comfortable. This is the kind of love that least discriminating, even the unlucky woman or man that have nothing to offer, but the object of this affection is whoever they are; the ugly, the stupid, even the exasperating. It does not need to find out the source of bounding. The brotherhood relation help someone feel better. It happens also between two people that have different thought for instance a clever young man from the university and an old nurse. Lewis has found that affection happened not only between men and dog but amazingly between dog and cat, Gilbert White claimed has found between horse and hen. It is able to proof that even the barrier of species does not able to influence the affection (1960, pp. 54-55).
Lewis claimed that affection has its own standard. Its objects must be familiar. The very day and hour when we fell in love or began a new friendship sometimes became the things to point out. But Lewis doubt that we can guess when is the beginning of the affection. When we recognize to guess when affection started is the time when affection has already been going for some time (1960, p. 55). It is the humblest love, it gives but not expect the replies (1960, p. 56).
2. Friendship
Philia or friendship is a love among friends-it is a friendship. Borrowing from Aristotle, Lewis explained that friendship is something that quite marginal not a main course in life's banquet; a diversion; something that fills up the chinks at one's time (1960, p. 88).
Lewis argued that people can life and breed without friendship, but not without eros and affection, eros present offspring of our own genes, affection completing our life with comfortableness. Biologically, we do not need friendship (1960, p. 88).
Lewis also stated that Companionship is the matrix of Friendship. It is often called as Friendship because many people, when they speak of their “friends” mean only their companions. Friendship arises out of mere Companionship when two or more of the companions find that they have in common insight or interest, for instance a common religion, studies, profession and many more. People share their vision then Friendship is born. They stand together in an excellent solitude (1960, p. 96)
Lewis argued, friendship is extremely useful, perhaps necessary for survival, to the individual. A Friend will, to be sure, prove himself to be also an ally when alliance becomes necessary; will lend or give when we are in need, nurse us in sickness, stand up for us among our enemies, do what he can for our widows and orphans. But such good offices are not the stuff of Friendship (1960, pp. 101-102).
3. Eros
Eros (ἔρως) for Lewis is love in the sense of 'being in love' or 'loving' someone, as the love that belong to lovers. With the consideration that human have similar sexual function with animal, Lewis described Affection as the love in which our experience seems to come closest to that of the animals, but the discussion of eros is not just simple human sexuality. The complex states for being in love happen when we make sexuality as the part of our subject. That sexual experience can occur without Eros, without being "in love," and that Eros includes other things besides sexual activity, Lewis take for granted. If you prefer to put it that way, Lewis was inquiring not into the sexuality which is common to us and the beasts or even common to all men but into one uniquely human variation of it which develops within "love" what I call Eros. The carnal or animally sexual element within Eros, Lewis intend following an old usage (1960, p. 131)
Eros turns the need-pleasure of Venus, a perfectly obvious sense of sexual by those who experience it, could be proved to be sexual by the simplest observations (Lewis, 1960, p. 132), into the most appreciative of all pleasures; but nevertheless Lewis warned against the modern tendency for Eros to become a god to people who fully submit themselves to it, a justification for selfishness, even a phallic religion (1960, p. 133).
4. Charity
Lewis recognizes Charity or agape (ἀγάπη) as the greatest of loves, and he sees it as a specifically Christian virtue. He said that this love is really and truly like love Himself. By that, there is a real nearness to God (by Resemblance); but not, therefore and necessarily, a nearness of Approach. (1960, p. 153)
According to Lewis, charity is the natural loves that are not self-sufficient. Charity revealed as goodness, and finally as the whole Christian life in one particular relation, must come to the help of the mere feeling if the feeling is to be kept sweet. It is the love of God. To explain this, he likened to the example of garden that needs tending. They cannot be their beautiful selves without allegiance to God (1960, p. 163).
Power and Love
Khane in his book titled Power and Love: A Theory and Practice of Social Change, state that power is the way we change one condition, or in the similar term with make a new social realities. The generative aspects of power itself are the entire will pointed to ‘get ones job done’. Power expresses our purposefulness, wholeness, and agency. Although power is the drive to realize one’s self, the effect of power goes beyond one’s self (2010, p. 13).
Love according to Khane is what makes power generative instead of degenerative (2010, p. 7). Love is not something that suddenly strikes us—it is an act of the will. By “an act of will,” Love is an intentional disposition toward another person (Khane, 2010, p. 31). Khane also quote some expert statement about love: Humberto Maturana, a Chilean cognitive biologist who also worked with Peter Senge at the Society for Organizational Learning, offers a similar definition: “Love is the domain of those relational behaviors through which another (a person, being, or thing) arises as a legitimate other in coexistence with oneself”. And Khane also borrows the idea of Jungian Robert Johnson, who wrote “Love is the one power that awakens the ego to the existence of something outside itself.” All of these definitions, from the worlds of management, biology, and psychology, are congruent with Paul Tillich’s from theology. Love is the other-acknowledging, other-respecting, other helping drive that reunites the separated (2010, p. 32).
Khane also pictures how love and power condition while both of them unbalance by saying “We fall down painfully when, like a scarecrow or a marionette, our two legs become disconnected from each other. We fall down when our power and our love become polarized: when our power is without love and our love is without power. We fall down when, intentionally or unintentionally, we make the elementary and common error of treating the relationship between power and love, which is a dilemma, as if it was a choice (2010, p. 57).
Khane has done observation about it with himself; there are three states from progression: when we are falling, we are unable to co-create new social realities; when we are stumbling, we are unstably able; and when we are walking, we are confidently able. This does not mean that we can always progress linearly from one state to the next; often, lacking awareness or capacity, we regress. In fact Khane has sometimes progressed and sometimes regressed, which is why Khane related the stories in his book in a non-chronological order (2010, p. 56).
According to Khane working through in our individual actions (bold undertaking) the same progression from falling to stumbling to walking that I have described at the level of collective actions. First, we must pay attention to and keep in connection our power and our love. Second, we must balance ourselves by building up and bringing in our weaker drive. And third, we must practice moving forward through shifting fluidly between these two drives, so that they become one (2010, p. 128).
ANALYSIS
The Depiction of Kinds of Love
The Depiction of Storge-Affection
- Baba Ayub and Qais
Storge love firstly depicted from the character of Baba Ayub in the tale that told by Saboor to their children. In Saboor’s story Baba Ayub is father who deeply loves his children, but he has one deeper to one of them, Qais.
Though he loved all of his children, Baba Ayub privately had a unique fondnees for one among them, his youngest, Qais, who was three years old. (ch.1, p.2)
From the quotation above we know that Qais is Baba Ayub’s son, the kind of love shared between Baba Ayub and Qais or vice versa is the Storge love or affection. Lewis argued that the feeling get its satisfaction when get together, more than everything, warm and so comfortable (1996, p. 55). Of course that affection also happened between Qais and his father Baba Ayub as Khalid told in his novel:
When Baba Ayub came home after a long day’s work, Qais would run from the house face-first into his father’s belly, […]. Baba Ayub would lift him up and take him into the house, and Qais would watch with great attention as his father wash up, and he would sit beside Baba Ayub at suppertime. After they had eaten, Baba Ayub would sip his tea, watching his family, picturing a day when all of his children married and gave him children of their own, when he would be proud patriarch to an even greater brood. (ch.1, p. 3)
The quotation above explain how happy was Qais feeling when he knew that this father is home from work, it proves that Qais affection to his father get it’s comfortableness when he was gathered with his father.
And so did Baba Ayub, with his affection feeling Baba Ayub lift Qais up and take him into the house, when Baba Ayub take a look at all his children he was imagine that this togetherness of affection felling will be more great and prideful when he get grandchildren from them.
- Abdullah and Pari
Secondly storge or affection depicted by love of Abdullah to Pari, storge love here is not the usual storge love like has been discussed before that generally it happen between parents to their offspring or vice versa, in case, the storge love here belongs to the relation between siblings. Abdulah was Pari’s brother, because their mother has been passed away. Abdullah substituted the mother role in taking care Pari while she was a baby. Abdullah love to Pari here is a storge love, not a brotherhood love, but more, it is affection as parents to the child.
He was the one raising her. It was true. Even though he was still a child himself. Ten years old. When Pari was an infant, it was he she had awakened at night with he squeaks and mutters, he who walked and bounce her in the dark. He had changed her spoiled diapers. He had been the one to give Pari her baths. […]. Thus the care had fallen to Abdullah, but he didn’t mind at all. He did it gladly. He loved the fact that he was the one to help with his firs step, to gasp at her first uttered word. This was his purpose, he believed, the reason God had made him, so he would be there to take care of Pari when He took away their mother. (ch. 2, p. 31)
As C.S. Lewis explanation about Storge, he provides an example begun from a mother nursing baby, a bitch or cat with a baske
The water resources of the united Arab emirates: a comprehensive empirical appraisal of their status and management
No full textThe expansion in the cultivated area since the mid-1970s, and the eventual high demand for water, have taxed the groundwater resources of the Emirates to the limit. The annual groundwater abstraction by agriculture, based on average discharge measurements for the present study, is put at 2556 MCM/a. while the overall groundwater volume abstracted by all sectors is 3359 MCM/a; the total output from all the desalination plants at 300 MCM/a, and that from the wastewater recycling plants at 80 MCM/a. With the population for 1989 standing at .1.8 million, the per capita consumption is 2116 m(^3)/a, which is close to that for the United States of America (2300 m(^3)/a ).The water resource problem is common to all the Gulf Cooperation Council states. In the Emirates, as in all the neighbouring countries, the problem is embodied in the paradox of expansion in extensive agriculture despite the depleting groundwater resources. There is also the absence of a water policy, a plan or coherent water resource management. For the last aspect, there is a lack of indigenous expertise with the necessary knowledge to monitor water resources and guide their development. The 8-fold increase in the cultivated acreage from 12,894 ha. in 1973 to 96,704 ha. in 1988, the 10-fold increase in population from 179,100 in 1968 to 1,748,804 in 1988, the continuously stable high cost of food imports during the past decade of above 3.0 billion dirhams ($ US 0.8 billion) a year and the 22-fold increase in water consumption from 172 MCM/a in 1968 to 3659 MCM/a. in 1989, sum up the water resource problem of the Emirates. As a result, water-tables have been receding continuously, groundwater salinity rising both in inland and coastal aquifers, and the shallow fresh water aquifer in the Quaternary deposits has been depleted in many parts of the piedmont (gravel) plains. Given this critical state of the groundwater resources, the preclusive cost of desalinated water to its application to agriculture and the ill-advised outlets to which every possible water resource developed is put, an urgent rethinking of water policies and development is vital. Such rethinking should set water-related priorities right, should resist all temptations, for reasons of national security, to imports of foreign water, and should be within the context of well-intentioned efforts towards achieving food security, through specialized agriculture, as much as is naturally possible
CYTOTOXIC EFFECT, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL, AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF PLEIOGYNIUM TIMORENSE SEEDS
No full textObjective: The aim of the current research was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Pleiogynium timorense seeds against different human cancer cell lines, its antioxidant activity and to investigate its phytoconstituents.
Methods: Ethyl acetate extract of Pleiogynium timorense seeds was assayed for the cytotoxic effect against liver cancer cell line (HepG2), ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3) and prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) using SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging assay using Trolox as a standard. The phytochemical components of the plant extract were examined using various phytochemical screening methods. The polyphenolic contents of the extract were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Results: The result revealed that the seed extract exhibited very potent effect against HepG-2 cancer cell line with IC50=1.62 μg/mL, and against SKOV-3 cancer cell line with IC50 =6.37 μg/mL, while a moderate effect against PC-3 cancer cell line with IC50=46 μg/mL, by comparing with that of Doxorubicin. Moreover, IC50 values of Trolox and the seed extract were 24.42 ± 0.87 and 90.4±0.32 μg/ml, respectively. The results revealed the presence of the flavonoids, tannins and triterpenes and/or sterols in the seed extract. While, it revealed the absence of coumarins, alkaloids, saponins and carbohydrate and/or glycosides from the extract.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the current study highlights the effect of ethyl acetate extract of Pleiogynium timorense seeds as antioxidant and a potent cytotoxic agent against different human cell lines aiming to be the first step towards the discovery of safe natural anticancer drug. 

Peer Review History: 
Received: 3 May 2022; Revised: 15 June; Accepted: 22 June, Available online: 15 July 2022
Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]
UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. 
Received file: Reviewer's Comments:
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
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ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTI-OXIDANT POTENTIAL OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF VITEX THYRSIFLORA LEAVES ON DIABETIC RATS</jats:p
MAXILLARY SINUS SEPTA: PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATION WITH GENDER AND LOCATION IN THE MAXILLA AMONG ADULTS IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN
No full textBackground and aims: Maxillary sinus septa are partitions of cortical bone dividing the sinus into multiple compartments. Their presence and dimension are of relevance to periodontitis, oral and maxillofacial surgeons as well as otolaryngologists. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and association of maxillary sinus septum with gender and location in maxilla among adults in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Methods: This is a retrospective study carried out on 633 patient orthopantomograms (OPGs) which had visible maxillary sinus without pathological or developmental changes from the first of March 2021 to the end of February 2022 at the Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University and private clinics in Sana’a city. Descriptive statistics of the continuous variable (age) was summarized as mean and standard deviation while the categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages and presented as tables. Bivariate analysis was performed to test for association between the dependent variables (maxillary sinus septum presence, presentation and position) and independent variables (gender and location).
Results: The mean age of the patients was 29.59 years, range from 16 -56 years, and females 380 (60.0%). Of 259 (40.9%) maxillary sinus septum identified, 206 (79.5 %%) were from females. Majority 180 (69.5%) were unilateral, while 79 (30.5%) were bilateral. Occurrence of unilateral maxillary sinus septum was higher in males 104 (41.1%) with OR=2.8, 95% CI=1.9-3.98, p<0.0001; than females (20%), while bilateral septum occurs roughly in equal rates in both gender (11.86 VS 12.89%). 
Conclusion: This study has shown a significant proportion of maxillary sinus septum among patients with visible orthopantomogram without pathology in Sana’a, Yemen, with the highest proportion being females. There is therefore the need for the occurrence and presentation of maxillary sinus septum in this study to serve as a baseline data in the treatment of dental implant and surgical procedures in Sana’a, Yemen.

Peer Review History: 
Received: 2 May 2022; Revised: 18 June; Accepted: 29 June, Available online: 15 July 2022
Academic Editor: Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, [email protected]
UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. 
Received file: Reviewer's Comments:
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
Reviewers:
Dr. Bountain Welcome Tebeda,Chemical Pathology Department, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Nigeria. [email protected]
Dr. Rima Benatoui, Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, BP12 E L Hadjar–Algeria, [email protected]
Dr. Esther Marguerite Chase DJANGA, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. Department of Public Health. University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon. [email protected]</jats:p
Women and Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Allure or Offensiveness
No full textThe prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing worldwide, despite evidence indicating its adverse health effects. Women and young people seem more likely to be choosing waterpipe tobacco smoking over cigarettes. The objective of this qualitative study was to understand better whether and why waterpipe smoking is a more acceptable form of tobacco use than cigarettes for women in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, and to understand whether the strategies used by multi-national corporations to attract women to cigarette smoking were perceived to be relevant in the context of waterpipe tobacco use. Focus groups (n = 81) and in-depth interviews (n = 38) were conducted with adults in Lebanon, Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. Discussions were thematically analyzed and recurrent themes identified. One of the themes which emerged was the negative image of women smoking waterpipes. Moreover, the sexual allure conveyed through waterpipe smoking as well as waterpipe tobacco smoking as a symbol of emancipation was illustrated. The latter was mainly expressed in Lebanon, in contrast with Egypt where traditional gender roles depict women smoking waterpipes as disrespectful to society. Understanding the social aspects of waterpipe tobacco smoking is crucial to planning future interventions to control waterpipe tobacco smoking among women and in society at large. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.Akl EA, 2010, INT J EPIDEMIOL, V39, P834, DOI 10.1093-ije-dyq002; Al-Belasy FA, 2004, J ORAL MAXIL SURG, V62, P10, DOI 10.1016-j.joms.2002.11.001; ALEXANDER J, 1994, SOC SCI MED, V38, P603, DOI 10.1016-0277-9536(94)90257-7; ALFAYEZ SF, 1988, TROP GEOGR MED, V40, P115; Aljarrah Khaled, 2009, Tob Induc Dis, V5, P16, DOI 10.1186-1617-9625-5-16; Al Rashidi M, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P3546, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2008.09.007; Altinsik G., 1995, EUR RESP J S19, V8, P233; Amos A., 1996, BRIT MED B, V52, P74; Amos A, 2000, TOB CONTROL, V9, P3, DOI 10.1136-tc.9.1.3; Boyatzis R. E., 1998, TRANSFORMING QUALITA; Chaaya Monique, 2003, Matern Child Health J, V7, P179, DOI 10.1023-A:1025136421230; Chaaya M, 2004, ADDICT BEHAV, V29, P1821, DOI 10.1016-j.addbeh.2004.04.008; Cobb C, 2010, AM J HEALTH BEHAV, V34, P275; Cobb CO, 2011, NICOTINE TOB RES, V13, P78, DOI 10.1093-ntr-ntq212; Connolly G. N., 1992, J NATL CANC I MONOGR, V12, P29; Dar-Odeh NS, 2009, BRIT DENT J, V206, P571, DOI 10.1038-sj.bdj.2009.475; Eissenberg T, 2009, AM J PREV MED, V37, P518, DOI 10.1016-j.amepre.2009.07.014; El-Hakim IE, 1999, INT J DERMATOL, V38, P108, DOI 10.1046-j.1365-4362.1999.00448.x; El-Roueiheb Z, 2008, NICOTINE TOB RES, V10, P309, DOI 10.1080-14622200701825775; Greaves L., 2006, TURNING NEW LEAF WOM; Hunt K, 2004, HEALTH EDUC RES, V19, P239, DOI 10.1093-her-cyg061; Israel Ebenezer, 2003, Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, V33, P1073; Jabbour S, 2003, ANN EPIDEMIOL, V13, P570, DOI DOI 10.1016-S1047-2797(03)00165-0; Khabour OF, 2011, ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN, V52, DOI 10.1002-em.20601; Khalil J, 2009, TOB CONTROL, V18, P420, DOI 10.1136-tc.2009.030148; Knishkowy B., 2005, PEDIATRICS, V116, P113; LUBIN JH, 1992, INT J CANCER, V51, P390, DOI 10.1002-ijc.2910510310; Mackay J, 1992, J NCI MONOGRAPHS, V12, P25; Mackay J, 1996, BRIT MED BULL, V52, P206; Martinasek MP, 2011, CURR PROB PEDIATR AD, V41, P34, DOI 10.1016-j.cppeds.2010.10.001; Maziak W, 2008, ADDICTION, V103, P1763, DOI 10.1111-j.1360-0443.2008.02327.x; Maziak W, 2003, PUBLIC HEALTH, V117, P237, DOI 10.1016-S0033-3506(03)00070-2; Maziak W, 2004, INT J TUBERC LUNG D, V8, P882; Maziak W, 2004, PREV MED, V38, P479, DOI 10.1016-j.ypmed.2003.11.021; Maziak W, 2005, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V80, P173, DOI 10.1016-j.pbb.2004.10.026; Memon A, 2000, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V78, P1306; Mohammad Yousser, 2008, Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, V3, P405; Nuwayhid IA, 1998, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V148, P375; Rastam S, 2004, BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, V4, DOI 10.1186-1471-2458-4-32; Rastam S, 2010, MED HYPOTHESES, V74, P457, DOI 10.1016-j.mehy.2009.10.013; Saade G., 2008, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, V14, P1280; WHO, 2010, GENDER, WOMEN, AND THE TOBACCO EPIDEMIC, P1; Samet J. M., 2001, WHO MONOGRAPH; Shafagoj YA, 2002, SAUDI MED J, V23, P953; Sharma RN, 1997, INDIAN J MED RES, V106, P475; Shehadeh Lamia Rustom, 1999, WOMEN WAR LEBANON; Shihadeh A, 2003, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V41, P143, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(02)00220-X; Shihadeh A, 2005, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V43, P655, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2004.12.013; Simpson David, 2004, Tob Control, V13, P9; WALDRON I, 1988, SOC SCI MED, V27, P1269, DOI 10.1016-0277-9536(88)90357-7; World Health Organization, 2008, WHO REP GLOB TOB EP; World Health Organization, 2005, WAT TOB SMOK HLTH EF; World Health Organization, 1997, TOB HLTH GLOB STAT R; World Health Organization: Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2002, EMR COUNTR PROF REG; Yadav JS, 2000, CYTOBIOS, V101, P10125
Discusiones sobre la teología de al-Bāqillānī en el Magreb: el Tasdīd fī šarḥ al-Tamhīd de ‘Abd al-Ŷalīl b. Abī Bakr al-Dībāŷī al-raba‘ī
No full text[EN] This paper presents a unique manuscript copy of a fifth/eleventh-century Maghribī commentary on al-Bāqillānī’s Kitāb al-Tamhīd. The work, entitled al-Tasdīd fī sharḥ al-Tamhīd, was written by ‘Abd al-Jalīl b. Abī Bakr alDībājī —also known as Ibn al-Ṣābūnī— who had studied the Kitāb al-Tamhīd with al-Bāqillānī’s disciples in Qayrawān. The present study first reviews the transmission of alBāqillānī’s work to the Islamic west. It then continues to present the author of the commentary, to reconstruct the work’s genesis and to describe its content. The final section focuses on a sample chapter and argues that alDībājī follows al-Bāqillānī’s later position on a specific theory —the so-called theory of aḥwāl— of which the Tamhīd strongly disapproved. The Tasdīd is one of the oldest texts of Maghribī Ash‘arism that has come down to us and provides valuable new insights into the school’s early history in the Islamic west[ES] En este artículo presentamos un manuscrito único de un comentario magrebí del Kitāb alTamhīd de al-Bāqillānī datado en elsiglo V/XI. La obra se titula al-Tasdīd fīšarḥ al-Tamhīd escrita por ‘Abd al-Ŷalīl b. Abī Bakr al-Dībāŷī —también conocido como Ibn al-Ṣābūnī—quien estudió el Tamhīd con otros discípulos de al-Bāqillānī en Qayrawān. El presente estudio revisa el proceso de transmisión de la obra de al-Bāqillānī en el Occidente Islámico. Después continúa presentando al autor del comentario, reconstruyendo la génesis del texto y describiendo su contenido. La sección final escoge un capítulo del texto que se ha seleccionado para demostrar cómo al-Dībāŷī sigue la posición tardía de al-Bāqillānī con respecto a la llamada teoría de los aḥwāl- duramente criticada en el Tamhīd. El Tasdīd constituye uno de los textos más antiguos del aš‘arismo magrebí que ha llegado hasta nosotros, ofreciéndonos nuevas y valiosas perspectivas sobre la historia de esta escuela teológica en el Occidente islámicoThe research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant agreement no 624808 and the Spanish government’s Ramón y Cajal programme (RYC-2015-18346) awarded to Jan Thiele. Hassan Ansari wishes to thank the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton for granting him a Long-Term Membership during the preparation of this paper.Peer reviewe
