160 research outputs found
Nanofabrication of high aspect ratio (∼50:1) sub-10 nm silicon nanowires using inductively coupled plasma etching
No full textThe development of nanofabrication techniques for creating high aspect ratio (∼50:1) sub-10 nm silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with smooth, uniform, and straight vertical sidewalls using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching process at 20°C is reported. In particular, to improve the quality and flexibility of the pattern transfer process for high aspect ratio SiNWs, hydrogen silsesquioxane, a high-resolution, inorganic, negative-tone resist for electron-beam lithography has been used as both the resist for defining sub-10 nm patterns and the hard mask for etching the underneath silicon material. The effects of SF6/C4F8 gas flow rates, chamber pressure, platen power and ICP power on the etch rate, selectivity, and sidewall profile are investigated. To minimize plasma-induced sidewall damage, moderate plasma excitation power (ICP power of 600 W) and low ion energy (platen power of 6–12 W) were used. Using the optimized etch process at room temperature (20°C), the authors have successfully fabricated sub-10 nm SiNWs, which have smooth vertical sidewall profile and aspect ratios up to ˜50:1. This optimized etch combined with a controlled thermal oxidation allows the realization of consistent, reproducible, and reliable SiNW devices with nominal widths from 100 nm down to sub-5 nm in silicon on top of SiO2 fabricated on silicon on insulator substrates
Phonological resistance and innovation in the North-West of England.
No full textOver the past few decades, studies of dialect levelling have concluded that phonological convergence amongst varieties of British English is rife. This review attempts to demonstrate the opposite, in the variety of English spoken in Liverpool. Despite various media reports predicting the death of Liverpool English, evidence is provided here that the variety appears to be resisting the innovation of ‘T-glottalling’, a feature which is frequent elsewhere, and instead shows signs of divergence from any kind of supra-local regional norm
Application of a computational systematic search strategy to study polymorphism in phenazine and perylene
No full textThe materials phenazine and perylene have been previously reported to exhibit polymorphic behavior. Experimental evidence suggests that both molecules can exist in at least two polymorphic forms. In the case of phenazine, only one polymorph has a fully described crystal structure. In the case of perylene, two polymorphs have a reported structure, from single-crystal studies; however, one structure solution is of poor quality. This paper reports the results of a molecular modeling study and postulates crystal structures for the two polymorphs which lack a reliable experimental determination. Systematic searches of potential packing arrangements were conducted in the reported cells for both the solved and unsolved polymorphs of phenazine and perylene. A recently validated search method (Hammond, R. B.; Roberts, K. J.; Docherty, R.; Edmondson, M. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 6532) was employed to rank packing arrangements by considering nonbonded atom-atom distances in combination with calculated lattice energies. The molecular packing arrangements were compared and contrasted using the packing energy breakdown routines within the program HABIT95 (Clydesdale, G.; Roberts, K. J.; Docherty, R. Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange 1996, 16, 1). © 1999 American Chemical Society.</p
Liverpool English.
No full textLiverpool English (LE) is the variety of English spoken in Liverpool and much of the surrounding county of Merseyside, in the north-west of England. After London, the north-west of England is the most densely populated of all regions in England and Wales, with the population of Liverpool standing at around 450,000. LE itself is said to have developed in the middle of the 19th century, after rapid immigration from Ireland during the Irish potato famines of 1845–1847 (see Knowles 1973). Arguably as a result of this immigration, as we will see, there are some similarities between LE's phonological system and those of Irish Englishes. Of course, as we might expect, the phonological system of LE maintains its connection with other northern Englishes, too
E-box binding proteins and the regulation of insulin gene transcription. Discussion meeting on Transcription Factors.
No full textBez porównania (przeł. Ewa Kowal)
No full textBeyond comparison In this article, the author takes up the issue of the so-called “crisis” of comparative literary studies (Comparative Literature), at the same time trying to outline the presentday condition of the discipline and to point to the objectives which it should attempt to attain today. Beside other detailed problems, the author analyses the threats posed by the hegemonic status of English which has become a specific ‘foundational language’ in Comparative Literature. However, in the principal part of his analysis, the author tries to go beyond the tendency towards ‘unification and totalisation of thought,’ which is present in Comparative Studies, by means of a search for ‘commensurability’ between the elements being compared,, and also beyond the equally popular strategy of ‘divisiveness’ that consists in continual emphasis on and proliferation of differences. He juxtaposes these two dominant trends with a model of conducting Comparative Literary Studies based on the concept of language of friendship or even love – an idea stemming from the philosophical thought of Lyotard and Badiou. In this approach, reading becomes an ‘event of love, which, like love, is what is without and beyond compare
'What she told us made the world of difference': Carers perspectives of a hospice at home service
No full textCopyright @ 2013 Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal. Posted with publisher's permission.This paper explores the expectations and needs of current and bereaved carers whose relatives
received care at home from a palliative care team. Aim: A hospice at home service was established in
2006 to provide patients with care in their own homes. We examined whether this model of care was helpful in
mitigating carers’ burden and in enabling terminally ill patients to be cared for and die at home. Methods: This
study utilized a survey and interviews. Participants were carers in the midwest of Ireland. Survey responses from 122 carers were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., 2009); interviews with 15 carers were also conducted. Results: Carers’ expectations of the service were often exceeded, and quality of care dimensions were rated highly. Future improvements could include facilitating discussions on place of death and offering bereavement support. Conclusion: The service is supporting carers in facilitating their relatives’ choice to die at home.Atlantic Philanthropies and the Health Service Executiv
Indicadores de aptidão física relacionada à saúde de crianças e adolescentes do município de Marechal Cândido Rondon - Paraná, Brasil
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física.Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar, através de uma abordagem transversal, as variáveis da aptidão física relacionada à saúde de crianças e adolescentes do município de Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR. A amostra foi composta por 2.337 escolares (23,43% da população) dos níveis de ensino fundamental e médio de 7 a 17 anos de idade (1.191 do gênero masculino e 1.146 do gênero feminino). Para obtenção da amostra, em um primeiro momento, o município foi dividido em três regiões: centro, bairros e zona rural. O passo seguinte foi selecionar de forma aleatória as escolas que participaram deste estudo considerando a proporção de alunos em cada região. Por fim, foram selecionados também de forma aleatória os alunos por classe de estudo. Os dados foram coletados através de medidas de crescimento (massa corporal e estatura), composição corporal (dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular) e desempenho nos testes de aptidão física relacionada à saúde, propostos pela bateria FITNESSGRAM do Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research (1999), sendo que foram selecionados quatro testes referentes às capacidades físicas de flexibilidade, força/resistência abdominal, força/resistência de membros superiores e capacidade cardiorrespiratória. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o programa estatístico computadorizado SPSS for windows - versão 10.0. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva, correlação linear de Pearson (r), regressão múltipla e teste "t" de Student para amostras independentes. Os resultados apontaram que os valores de massa corporal, estatura e índice de massa corporal investigados apresentaram índices semelhantes aos observados em outros estudos desenvolvidos com populações similares no Brasil. Em relação à composição corporal, o gênero masculino apresentou uma massa corporal magra superior ao gênero feminino, com diferenças significativas aos oito, nove, dez, quinze, dezesseis e dezessete anos. Em contrapartida, quando analisados os valores do percentual de gordura, observou-se que em todas as faixas etárias o gênero feminino apresentou valores significativamente superiores em relação ao masculino. Os resultados do teste de flexibilidade mostraram que não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes na maioria das faixas etárias. Em relação à força/resistência abdominal, observou-se que os escolares masculino apresentaram valores superiores em relação às escolares femininas, principalmente após os nove anos de idade. Os resultados do teste de força/resistência de membros superiores indicaram que os escolares masculinos são mais fortes do que as escolares femininas especialmente após os dez anos. Com o avanço da idade, a capacidade cardiorrespiratória apresentou um decréscimo em seus valores relativos (VO2max) para ambos os gêneros. Entretanto, em todas as faixas etárias o gênero masculino apresentou um melhor desempenho nesta variável. Na análise dos resultados referentes a correlações entre desempenho motor nas variáveis de aptidão física relacionada à saúde e variáveis da composição corporal e de crescimento, observou-se que tanto entre o gênero masculino quanto entre o gênero feminino, a capacidade cardiorrespiratória e a força/resistência dos membros superiores se associaram com todas as variáveis de composição corporal e crescimento analisadas. Observou-se ainda, através da regressão múltipla que a estatura e a massa corporal foram as variáveis que mais influenciaram negativamente o desempenho de ambos os gêneros nos testes motores enquanto que a massa corporal magra foi a variável que mais influenciou positivamente. Em relação ao alcance dos critérios de saúde estabelecidos pela FITNESSGRAM, observou-se que o gênero masculino apresentou níveis satisfatórios nos testes de flexibilidade, força/resistência abdominal e força/resistência de membros superiores, enquanto que o gênero feminino, apenas nos testes de força/resistência abdominal e força/resistência de membros superiores. A capacidade cardiorrespiratória apresentou índices extremamente baixos de alcance de critérios para ambos os gêneros
An engineered zinc finger protein reveals a role for the insulin VNTR in the regulation of the insulin and adjacent IGF2 genes
No full textAbstractAn engineered zinc finger protein (eZFP) was isolated from a library based on its ability to activate expression of the endogenous insulin gene in HEK-293 cells. Using a panel of insulin promoter constructs, the eZFP was shown to act through the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) region located 365base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. The eZFP also activated expression of the IGF2 gene that lies close to INS on chromosome 11p15. These results demonstrate that the INSVNTR controls expression of the insulin and IGF2 genes and provide a mechanistic explanation for previous studies that demonstrated an association between INSVNTR genotypes and placental levels of IGF2
Molecular and solid-state modeling of the crystal purity and morphology of ε-caprolactam in the presence of synthesis impurities and the imino-tautomeric species caprolactim
No full textA study of impurity incorporation into host crystal surfaces, using molecular modeling techniques, is presented for e-caprolactam, illustrating a rapid method for predicting the effects of additives on the purity and shape of particles formed through crystallization. Optimum positions, in terms of calculated lattice energy, were located for the impurity molecules within the host crystal lattice. Differential binding energies and modified attachment energies were calculated using the program HABIT95 (Clydesdale, G.; Roberts, K. J; Docherty, R. Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange 1996, 16, 1) for each impurity molecule for all the important growth forms. From the differential binding energies, values were calculated for the equilibrium segregation coefficients. The impact of the impurities cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, and the imino-tautomeric form of e-caprolactam (or caprolactim) was considered in the study. Excellent agreement was found between calculated equilibrium segregation coefficients for the impurity cyclohexanone in the {110} and {111¯} forms of e-caprolactam and reported experimental values for crystals grown from the melt in the presence of a wide range of cyclohexanone impurity concentrations, 0.1 - 30 mol %, for supersaturations of the melt, 2 × 10-3 to 6 × 10-3 (van den Berg, E. P. G.; Bögels, G.; Arkenbout, G. J. J. Cryst. Growth 1998, 191, 169-177). It was calculated that the incorporation of cyclohexanol into e-caprolactam would be most significant for the {110} form and that the extent of partitioning of cyclohexane into the most important growth forms is 10 - 100 times smaller than those in the cases of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone. The effect of impurity incorporation on the habit of e-caprolactam crystals was calculated from the modified attachment energies.</p
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