1,720,958 research outputs found
Optimising Urban Densities for Sustainable Cities: A Multivariable Framework to Evaluate Territorial Balance in the Stavanger City Region, Norway
Full text linkPhD thesis in Urban PlanningThis PhD thesis revolves around the idea of balanced densities as a quantitative and multivariable framework to guide urban development strategies. The study is motivated by the prevalent use of densification as a planning tool to promote sustainability. While increasing the concentration of people and activities can support environmental and economic objectives, uncoordinated or uneven development often leads to adverse effects. Imbalanced urban patterns can degrade environmental quality and reduce well-being, particularly by compromising the social dimension of sustainable development. To fully realise the benefits of densification, it is essential to align densities with the provision of adequate services, amenities, and infrastructure.
Despite methodological challenges, theoretical abstractions, and the need for contextual sensitivity, this thesis argues that urban density remains a robust, objective concept for promoting efficiency and supporting long-term planning at both city and regional scales. The research explores the use of density as a metric for territorial balance, grounded in the recently revived chrono-urbanism ideas of the X-minute city. This aligns closely with principles of compact urban form, accessibility through proximity, and the encouragement of active mobility. By analysing access to key services within 10-minute walking or cycling trips, the developed method is able to identify spatial inequalities, highlight over- and under-serviced areas, and inform more effective densification strategies for sustainable city regions
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Urban density, accessibility, and proximities : mapping and understanding the relationship between urban densities and cycling accessibility to grocery shops in the 10-minute city in the context of Stavanger metropolitan area
Full text linkDenser urban environments can enable more effective use of resources such as space, energy, and raw materials. Denser cities require less space, preserving valuable peri-urban lands that can provide environmental services and agricultural goods. When organised thoughtfully, compact urban settlements also tend to enhance the accessibility to everyday urban services. Thanks to proximity, cycling and walking, combined with public transport, can replace car-based transportation, reducing the use of fossil fuels and space for road infrastructure. The dimension of time is increasingly used to measure the built environment performance regarding accessibility and proximity. Concepts such as the 5, 10, 15, 20 or 30-minute city are increasingly used in different contexts to study how people access urban spaces in more environmentally friendly and efficient ways. In this paper, we use the concept of the 10-minute city to map the potential of cycling to access groceries in Stavanger metropolitan area. Increasing cycling has become one crucial element of local strategies towards carbon neutrality on national, regional, and metropolitan levels. Local authorities have been improving cycling infrastructure in recent years. However, the low rate of cycling in local mobility suggests that these efforts have not been sufficient. The paper elaborates on a scientific approach based on GIS network analysis. Moreover, the analysis uses correlations with urban densities to explore the empirical relationships and sketch actual potentials regarding the service of interest. As a result, the study quantifies the prospect of cycling to cater sufficiently to the needs of Stavanger MA's population based on the existing morphology and networks. On the other hand, this assumption also provokes some practical considerations regarding the present challenges for cycling to be an effectively employed mobility mode for grocery shopping, such as improving the existing bicycle network and the parking provision for bikes by stores
Supplementary materials for: Urban Density and Accessibility: A methodological approach
No full textThe built environment's impact on human behaviour is well-documented. Still, quantitative research on the topic usually focuses on a large scale, with few studies at the neighbourhood level. This study presents a method investigating the correlation between the local built environment densities and accessibility. We propose a three-step approach using kindergartens in the Stavanger region, Norway, as a case. First, through GIS, we estimate the kindergartens' serviceability as a function of accessibility using 10-minute walking isochrones. Second, we statistically compare the results with density quantifications to explore the relationship between the built environment and kindergarten access. Third, through field observations, we record the travel modes used to access five kindergartens in areas representing the region's built environment diversity. The results demonstrate that populations in denser areas are more likely to walk with their children. However, the research reveals that over 12% of the region's residents live beyond a 10-minute walking distance to kindergartens, making them reliant on cars to access this service. This study aims to provide an adaptable and replicable method to evaluate accessibility to a range of crucial facilities in cities. The findings from such analyses can help optimise the built environment and the provision of services in more sustainable ways.The dataset integrates information from various sources, including Census data, Cadastral data, Road network data, Kindergarten data and Observation data. Although most are collected in geo-referred format, further adjustments are required to enable the integration.
The intention of the supplementary material PDF is to inform other researchers how to replicate the study, not supplying all the datasets used
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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