1,721,063 research outputs found
Role of bile acids and their receptor TGR5 in the regulation of intestinal and pancreatic somatostatin : functional consequences for human pancreatic islets
No full textLe rôle des acides biliaires a évolué ces dernières années passant de simples molécules solubilisatrices des lipides à des composés à activité métabolique. En plus de leur fonction dans l’absorption des lipides post-repas, ils ont été montrés comme stimulant de nombreuses voies de signalisation modulant l’expression de gènes clefs du métabolisme et de nombreux mécanismes physiologiques via l’activation de récepteurs spécifiques tels que les récepteurs « Farnesoid X receptor » (FXR) et le récepteur membranaire couplé à une protéine G, TGR5. La protéine TGR5 codée par le gène GPBAR1, aussi connue sous le nom de « G-protein-membrane-type receptor for bile acids » (M-BAR) est le premier récepteur couplé à une protéine G spécifique aux acides biliaires ayant été mis en évidence. Cette protéine est exprimée dans de nombreux tissus clefs du métabolisme énergétique tels que les cellules L intestinales, le tissu adipeux, les reins, le muscle squelettique et le pancréas. En réponse à la fixation des acides biliaires au récepteur TGR5, celui-ci va être internalisé et sa sous-unité GαS va être libérée. Ce mécanisme va ensuite activer l’adénylate cyclase et augmenter la production d’AMPc à l’origine de l’activation des voies de signalisations liées à la protéine kinase A (PKA). Une fois activée, la PKA va induire la phosphorylation des protéines « cAMP-response element-binding » (CREB) et permettre la modulation de l’expression de gènes cibles.Ces dernières années de nombreux travaux ont eu pour but d’étudier le rôle du récepteur TGR5 dans le métabolisme. Chez la souris, l’activation du récepteur TGR5 stimule la dépense énergétique dans le tissu adipeux brun et dans le muscle squelettique et prévient le développement de l’obésité et de l’insulino-résistance induites par un régime riche en graisses. Le récepteur TGR5 est également impliqué au niveau des cellules L intestinales sécrétrices du GLP-1. Il y joue un rôle essentiel dans l’homéostasie glucidique via la régulation de l’activité pancréatique, des sécrétions de l’insuline et du glucagon, de l’inhibition de la vidange gastrique ou encore de la modulation des messages de satiété via des voies neuroendocrines. TGR5 présente également des fonctions immunologiques avec une expression connue dans les cellules de l’immunité telles que les monocytes, les macrophages alvéolaires ou encore les cellules de Kupffer. TGR5 a également été mis en évidence comme régulateur des mécanismes d’inflammations via les macrophages avec une diminution de l’expression des cytokines pro-inflammatoires. A l’opposé, l’activation de TGR5 serait impliquée dans de nombreux processus pathologiques tels que, le développement de carcinomes gastro-intestinaux, les pancréatites, la lithiase biliaire, suggérant un rôle potentiel du récepteur TGR5 dans la régulation de voies de signalisation responsables de la prolifération et de la mort cellulaire [...]Bile acids (BAs) have evolved over the years from being considered as simple lipid solubilizers to metabolically active molecules. In addition to their function in dietary lipid absorption, they have also been shown to activate farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5 receptors to initiate signaling pathways and regulate metabolic gene transcription. TGR5 (encoded by the GPBAR1 gene), also known as G-protein-membrane-type receptor for bile acids (M-BAR) or G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1), was the first identified G-protein coupled receptor specific for bile acids. In normal individuals, the highest level of GPBAR1 mRNA expression was reported in the gallbladder, placenta and spleen, followed by moderate expression in other tissues including lungs, liver, stomach, small intestine and adipose tissue, with a relatively low level of expression in kidney, skeletal muscles and pancreas. In response to binding of BAs to the ligand-binding pocket of the TGR5 protein, the TGR5 receptor is internalized and the GαS subunit is released. This mechanism leads to activation of adenylate cyclase and an increase in cAMP production resulting in induction of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Subsequently, PKA phosphorylates the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and enhances the transcription of its target genes in response to extracellular signals.To date, extensive work has been done to investigate the role of TGR5 in metabolism. In rodents, BA-activated TGR5 receptor stimulates energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and prevents obesity and insulin resistance induced by a high fat diet. TGR5 is also implicated in intestinal L-cells secreted GLP-1, which plays an essential role in glucose homeostasis through the stimulation of glucose-dependent-insulin-secretion and inhibition of glucagon secretion, inhibition of gastric emptying and increasing satiety through neuroendocrine pathways. In terms of the immunological function of TGR5, it is now known that TGR5 is expressed in several immune cells such as monocytes, alveolar macrophages and Kupffer cells. The beneficial effects of TGR5 on macrophage-driven inflammation include reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression, thus protecting against atherosclerosis and liver steatosis. On the contrary, TGR5 activation has also been implicated in itch and analgesia, gastrointestinal-tract cell carcinogenesis, pancreatitis, and cholelithiasis, suggesting a potential role for TGR5 as a regulator of signal transduction pathways responsible for cell proliferation and apoptosis. BAs may also influence islet function via both direct and indirect mechanisms as recent studies have shown that Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is expressed by pancreatic beta cells, and regulates insulin signaling in cultured cell lines. Kumar et al., [14] also reported that the TGR5 agonists INT-777 + oleanolic acid (OA) stimulated glucose-mediated insulin release via TGR5 activation, also in cultured cells. Still, little is known about the regulation of TGR5 expression or its involvement in pancreatic hormone secretion in response to physiological or pathological conditions such as T2D, as these studies have been performed mainly in cultured cell lines. In these contexts, the biological function of TGR5 remains enigmatic. The aim of the present study was first to establish the specific expression of TGR5 in human pancreatic islet cell subtypes. Then, a cross-sectional cohort of human islets isolated from individuals with various degrees of insulin resistance was exploited to determine if TGR5 expression and function was modified in T2D. Finally to determine if targeting TGR5 is clinically relevant, human islets were treated in-vitro with a specific agonist of TGR5 or with siRNA directed against TGR5 and hormone secretion assessed to establish whether TGR5 activation or inhibition modulate pancreatic hormone secretion
The role of the glucagon‐FGF21 axis in improving beta cell function during glucose intolerance and SGLT2 inhibition
No full textObjective: Although primarily secreted by the liver, Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is also expressed in the pancreas, where its function remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the role of the glucagon-FGF21 interaction in the metabolic benefits of SGLT2 inhibition (SGLT2i) and hypothesizes it is key to enhancing glucose and lipid metabolism in individuals with glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: FGF21, FGF1R, and β-klotho expression in human pancreas was analysed by RNAscope, qPCR and immunofluorescent techniques. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assay was used to investigate the effects of recombinant FGF21 (rFGF21) on islets from donors with glucose intolerance or T2D. To explore the role of the glucagon-FGF21 axis in the benefits of SGLT2i, we used WT and Sglt2 knockout (KO) mice fed a chow diet (CD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) and chronically treated with vehicle or dapagliflozin. Results: Chronic rFGF21 treatment enhanced GSIS in islets from donors with glucose intolerance, with increased FGFR1 expression, suggesting FGF21's greater efficacy in the early stages of disease. In diet-induced insulin-resistant mice, dapagliflozin reduced postprandial glycaemia and elevated plasma glucagon and FGF21 levels. Sglt2 KO mice on a CD showed increased fasting plasma glucagon without changes in FGF21. In diet-induced insulin-resistant Sglt2 KO mice, elevated glucagon and FGF21 levels paralleled chronic dapagliflozin treatment, indicating similar metabolic adaptations in both models. Conclusion: Our findings indicate FGF21 as a crucial mediator in liver-pancreas crosstalk, improving lipid and glucose metabolism, enhancing pancreatic function, and potentiating the therapeutic efficacy of SGLT2i, thereby representing a target for prediabetes treatment
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Système de purification des ilots pancréatiques : Intégration de nouvelles technologies GMP réutilisées en système fermé, de l'évaluation à la mise en place d’un brevet
No full textL'optimisation de la purification des cellules d'îlots est essentielle pour faire progresser les thérapies cellulaires ciblant le diabète de type 1, nécessitant l'intégration de technologies innovantes, conformes aux normes GMP, afin de renforcer l'efficacité des processus, l'automatisation et l'évolutivité. Cette thèse analyse deux technologies majeures employées dans la purification des îlots. La première étude examine l'impact d'un nouveau système de refroidissement sur le processus de purification des cellules d'îlots. Ce système permet un contrôle précis de la température durant la purification par gradient de densité grâce à un refroidissement sous pression, stabilisant efficacement la température tout en préservant la stérilité de l'environnement de salle blanche GMP. Comme solution rentable et peu invasive, ce système de refroidissement présente également des applications potentielles pour d'autres équipements de thérapie cellulaire, dont la majorité est dépourvue d'option de refroidissement. Le principal axe de cette thèse porte sur l’adaptation du système Sepax C Pro - Sefia, une technologie en circuit fermé initialement conçue pour le traitement des cellules souches hématopoïétiques, à la purification des cellules d'îlots humains. Avec le retrait progressif du système Cobe 2991 en Europe d'ici 2025 et mondialement d'ici 2031, la plateforme Sepax C Pro - Sefia constitue une alternative automatisée et conforme aux normes GMP. Elle intègre l’automatisation des étapes critiques du processus de purification des îlots, réduit la manipulation manuelle et améliore la reproductibilité des processus, en s'imposant comme une solution innovante pour les applications cliniques et de recherche en transplantation d'îlots. À la suite de ces avancées, un brevet intitulé « Systèmes et Méthodes pour le Traitement des Tissus » a été déposé pour protéger la méthode innovante développée pour le système reconverti Sepax C Pro - Sefia, assurant ainsi la sécurisation de la propriété intellectuelle et facilitant son application future en milieu clinique. Grâce à l'intégration de ces innovations technologiques, y compris une méthode brevetée pour le traitement des tissus, cette thèse propose un cadre exhaustif pour le remplacement du système Cobe 2991, garantissant la continuité de l'isolement clinique des îlots et contribuant à des thérapies plus efficaces pour les patients atteints de diabète de type 1 (allogreffes), ainsi que pour ceux souffrant de pathologies pancréatiques (autogreffes).The optimization of islet cell purification is crucial for advancing cell-based therapies for type 1 diabetes, requiring innovative, GMP-compliant technologies to improve process efficiency, automation, and scalability. This thesis evaluates two key technologies used in islet purification. The first study evaluates the impact of a novel cooling system on the islet cell purification process. This system ensures precise temperature control during density gradient purification by providing pressurized cooling, effectively stabilizing the temperature while maintains the sterility of the GMP cleanroom environment. As a cost-effective and minimally invasive solution, this cooling system holds promises to cool another cell therapy equipment the majority of which offer no cooling option.The core focus of My thesis is the repurposing of the Sepax 2C Pro- Sefia system, a closed-system technology originally developed for hematopoietic stem cell processing, for human islet cell purification. With the Cobe 2991 system being phased out in Europe by 2025 and globally by 2031, the Sepax 2 - Sefia platform offers a fully automated, GMP-compliant alternative. It automates key steps in the islet purification process, reduces manual handling, and improves process reproducibility, making it a ground-breaking solution for both clinical and research applications in islet transplantation. Building on the findings a patent: “Systems and Methods for Tissue Processing,” was filed to protect the novel approach developed for the repurposed Sepax 2 - Sefia system ensuring the intellectual property is secured and facilitating the future application of this system in clinical settings. Through the integration of these technological advancements, including a patented method for tissue processing, this thesis provides a comprehensive framework to replace the Cobe 2991 system, ensuring the continuity of clinical islet isolation and contributing to more effective therapies for patients with type1 diabetes (allografts) but also patients with pancreatic pathologies (autografts)
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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