1,720,993 research outputs found
ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS IN ADULTS: EPIDEMIOLOGY, GUIDELINES, AND HEALTH COSTS
No full textAcute gastroenteritis is a common cause of illness resulting in visits to the emergency department and outpatient clinics, hospitalizations and lost quality of life occurring in both domestic settings and among those traveling abroad. In addition, it is cause of outbreaks in closed communities such as schools, nursing homes and cruise ships. It is estimated that 1 in 6 people in the United States is subject to gastroenteritis each year with an estimated annual burden of 179 million outpatient visits, nearly 500,000 hospitalizations, and more than 5,000 deaths at an estimated cost upwards of US$150 million to the health-care economy. In Europe and Canada, the estimated annual incidence is between 0.1 to 3.5 episodes per person-year while in resource-limited countries the incidence of acute gastroenteritis is often not evaluated nor included in any specific review. It usually occurs at a baseline frequency, superimposed with epidemic cases of diarrhea, either dysentery or watery diarrhea.Acute gastroenteritis is considered a major public health issue against which control efforts are needed. Several societies and government-sponsored guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute gastroenteritis in adults are updated periodically, globally the most used and updated are those provided by the World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG). Illness and death from clinical conditions caused by gastroenteritis, especially those related to contaminated food, are a constant threat to public health and a significant obstacle to socio-economic development worldwide. In 2010 a specific Reference Group (FERG) established by World Health Organization (WHO) found that the global burden of acute gastroenteritis is comparable to those of the major infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis is mainly clinical with evidence diarrhea of rapid onset that lasts less than two weeks and may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fever, or abdominal pain. Stool examination and culture to determine etiology should be performed on patients at high risk of severe illness and for whom identification of a pathogen would be important both for the patient and for public health. The treatment of the acute disease is based on: Fluid maintenance and repletion; adaptation of diet; use of probiotics and antibiotics depending on the etiology; use of non-specific anti-diarrheal drugs
Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers, an Increasing Burden of the Modern Era: Epidemiology and Prevention
No full text: Gastrointestinal tract cancers, including oral, oesophageal, stomach, liver, pancreas, and colorectal cancers, represent a significant worldwide health concern [...]
THERAPEUTIC CHOICES IN ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS IN ADULTS
No full textAcute diarrhea is a very common illness among populations of all ages. Infective diarrhea accounts for most episodes of acute gastroenteritis in adults, and viruses are the most common etiologic agents. In developing countries, acute diarrhea is still cause of mortality, while in developed countries it impacts importantly the quality of life and may worsen underlying diseases such as nephropathies, cardiac diseases or diabetes. Therefore, the optimization of the treatment of acute gastroenteritis is essential all over the world. Acute diarrhea may be managed in hospitalization or with home medication, based on the severity of the disease and eventual comorbidities of the patient or complications. Therapy of acute diarrhea is based generally on the correction of fluid and electrolytes loss, on symptoms control and on the use of specific medications depending on etiology. Dehydration management should always be prompt and adapted to the severity of dehydration; oral rehydration is usually preferred, by using oral rehydration solutions; nonspecific antidiarrheal drugs are mainly used for symptoms controls and include antimotility drugs loperamide and dyphenoxylate, and antisecretory drugs bismuth subsalicylate and racecadotril; adsorbent agents as diosmectite may be applied as adjunctive treatments; antimicrobial therapy is indicated in case of acute infectious diarrhea, although it is not necessary for all etiologies; specific probiotic strains may be also applied in diarrhea’s treatment as they help in the reestablishment of a balanced intestinal microbiota
A novel technique for large colorectal specimen retrieval after endoscopic submucosal dissection: anoscope-assisted tumor extraction by defecation
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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