8 research outputs found
PELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP: SUATU KAJIAN BERDASARKAN PENDIDIKAN KEPENDUDUKAN DANLINGKUNGAN HIDUP (PKLH) DI BEBERAPA SEKOLAH DASAR
No full textAbstract: The objective of this research aimed to know about environment conservation in connection with the educational program of population and environment (PKLH) in elementary school (SD), in which or especially located around the Tondano lake, Minahasa, North Sulawesi. The qualitative-descriptive approach was conducted on, during February 2014 at 8 schools. Its focused to headmasters, teachers, students, and then continued by observation of schools and its environment. By using interview and participant-observation techniques, researcher take an active role on the learning activities and direct interaction with students in the classroom. After that continuing to search and observing students activities after and out school. The result of this research shows that PKLH was conducted in SD by using integrative approach, and we find that students get more information and knowledge and have an attitude and proper behavior rationally and responsibly according to their ability and educational level.Keywords:Abstrak: Penelitianini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan tentang pelestarian lingkungan hidup terkait dengan pelaksanaan program PKLH di sekolah dasar, khususnya di beberapa SD di sekitar danau Tondano, Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif dan dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari 2014 di 8 SD yang ditujukan pada kepala sekolah, guru-guru, siswa, serta pengamatan lingkungan sekolah dan sekitarnya. Dengan teknik wawancara dan pengamatan berperanserta peneliti melibatkan diri pada proses pembelajaran di kelas dan berinteraksi langsung dengan sisiwa. Selain itu dilakukan pemantauan aktivitas siswa di luar sekolah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PKLH telah diberikan dengan menggunakan pendekatan integratif dan sesuai dengan tingkat pendidikan dan kemampuannya dan dapat dinilai bahwa mereka telah memiliki wawasan pengetahuan dan terbentuk sikap dan perilaku yang rasional dan bertanggungjawab.Kata Kunci: SD, PKLH, pendekatan monolitik dan integratif, pelestarian lingkungan hidu
Copyright, contratto e accesso alla conoscenza: un’analisi comparata = Copyright, contract and access to knowledge: a comparative analysis.
No full textIl processo di digitalizzazione e lo sviluppo dei media, stravolgendo il paradigma tradizionale del copyright/diritto d’autore conducono a reazioni opposte. Da un lato, estendendo in vario modo l’ampiezza dell’esclusiva autorale favoriscono l’adozione di regole restrittive di accesso e uso dei contenuti; dall’altro, alimentano le logiche di condivisione, specie in alcune aree di produzione del sapere.
Il contratto, pur mutata la propria natura nella dimensione digitale, rappresenta la prima leva per l’affermazione di tali divergenti dinamiche, che, in entrambe le direzioni, riguardano anche la circolazione della conoscenza scientifica. Nel senso dell’apertura, lo strumento negoziale consente di perseguire i principi affermati dal movimento dell’Open Access (OA), abbattendo le barriere economiche e giuridiche all’accesso e utilizzo dei contenuti.
Dal deposito e pubblicazione su archivi istituzionali e disciplinari di opere transitate già attraverso i canali editoriali convenzionali, comunemente definita green road, alla pubblicazione su riviste ad accesso aperto, gold road, il fenomeno si sviluppa dal basso verso l’alto grazie alle dichiarazioni di principio e alle norme informali che hanno sin ora guidato le comunità accademiche nell’affermazione dell’OA. Di recente, tuttavia, i principi dell’OA sono oggetto di attenzione da parte del decisore pubblico che, pur timidamente, ne “impone” l’attuazione a tutte le comunità accademiche. Eppure, il diritto formale non sembra da solo sufficiente: è soltanto il primo tassello di una disciplina organica tesa a definire regole e incentivi per la produzione e la disseminazione della conoscenza scientifica, allo scopo di bilanciare la libertà “accademica” con il diritto di accesso alla conoscenza. = ENGLISH VERSION = Along with a comparative perspective that takes account of the U.S. and Italian law, this work aims to explore the interface between copyright and contract lae in publishing process.
In the current publishing environment, contracts and technology play a dominant role in the exploitation of copyrighted works. Publishers are granted by assignment of all copyright rights to reproduce and publish the work, but also to exercise control over its contents through technological protection measures. At the same time, mass digitization allows libraries and other organizations to make contents available online, which it entails a redefinition of the traditional publishing process and introduces new players to the scene (e.g., Google Books).
Hence, technology proves to be a powerful instrument for the spread of knowledge and it is on this pattern that Open Access (OA) is rapidly gaining ground.
Mostly based on a bottom-up approach that is on soft law, institutional policies and contracts, OA designs a new legal environment targeting the objectives of free accessibility, further distribution, and proper archiving of publications. These aims can be achieved through the creation of new open access business models to publish on OA journals (gold road) or to self-archive in institutional or disciplinary repositories works that have been originally published in conventional journals (green road).
However, in order for OA to be fully developed it is necessary to devise a principled and feasible approach to the dissemination of scholarly works against the current social, economic and legal background.
Indeed, the importance of OA is steadily recognized by legislators who integrate OA provisions into their legal system. This is an innovation of great significance, which was first fostered in the USA, and then extended in some European countries such as Italy and Germany in the European framework. Nevertheless, considering the different law systems, the formal law need to be combined with national strategies and institutional policies providing adequate incentives to the authors, while also promoting academic freedom and the right to knowledge access
Fair use and file sharing in research and education
No full textThis work was inspired by the well-ventilated current problems around the use of digital file
sharing technologies and their promotion of infringement of copyright leading to the alleged
destruction of entertainment industries. Different legal systems have applied different
analyses to such problems, and there is no clear and coherent answer to the question of
whether file sharing, especially in the form of peer-to-peer (P2P), is legal. The particular
focus of this thesis flows from the realisation that litigation around file sharing has
uniformly explored it from the perspective of users downloading entertainment materials
such as music and videos. Comparatively little attention has been paid to whether research
and educational users have, or should have, rights to use the same digital file sharing
technologies to access copyright materials important to their work. If digital file sharing is
declared illegal by the courts at the behest of the entertainment industries, then what will
happen to research and educational users of these networks?To explore this key problem, this thesis focuses on how fair use doctrine, the most important
exception and limitation to copyright, has transferred from the traditional copyright
environment into the context of digital file sharing. By undertaking a study of relevant
legislation and cases, such as the well known Napster, Grokster and MP3.com, the “who”
issue, namely, who is the party entitled to benefit from a fair use defence will be highlighted.Having established that fair use as a defence operates ineffectively in the digital file sharing
environment, the thesis then looks at existing alternative or “fared” use models, and
particularly the disadvantages of “fared” use system in serving research and educational file
sharing. Finally the thesis turns to what is termed the “voluntary model”: a model in which
copyright owners make their works available to academic users for free, via an institutional
repository, the authors gaining non-pecuniary benefits while the commercial publisher being
cut out as a “middleman”. Although future work to develop the details of this approach
would be required, the thesis asserts this is a promising way towards ensuring access to
copyright works in research and education thus benefiting society, whilst at the same time
establishing fair compensation to authors for their efforts
Copyright and shared networking technologies
No full textPhDThe technological zeitgeist has transformed the social-cultural, legal and commercial aspects of society today. Networking technologies comprise one of the most influential factors in this. Although this transformation can be discounted as a mere historical phenomenon dating back to the advent of the printing press, empirical data concerning usage of these technologies shows that there has been a radical shift in the ability to control the dissemination of copyright works. Networking technologies allow, in an unprecedented manner, user-initiated activities including perfect replications, instantaneous dissemination, and abundant storage. They are immune to technological attempts to dismantle them, and impervious to legal attempts to control and harness them. They affect a global audience, which in turn, undermine at negligible costs, the legal and business parameters of copyright owners.
The problem is whether it will now be possible to establish a copyright framework which balances the interests of the following groups: (a) copyright owners in their control of the dissemination of their works; (b) authors demanding remuneration for the exploitation of their works; (c) users wishing to consume works with clear immunity guidelines using networked technologies; (d) technologists striving to continuously innovate without legal and policy restrictions.
Copyright law is not a mechanism for preserving the status quo or a particular business model. It is, as suggested above, a reflection of the needs and interests of authors, copyright owners, entertainment industries, users and technologists. This thesis examines whether the balance between these actors can be achieved and, if so, how it can be implemented within international, regional and national copyright laws. It finds that a balance can be struck; but that this balance should be aligned along three key concepts: user integrity; technological innovation; and authors‘ and owners‘ remuneration. The proposal is that the optimal method for achieving this triptych is the introduction and global implementation of a reasonable and unobtrusive system of remuneration
Open Access Publishing: A Literature Review
No full textWithin the context of the Centre for Copyright and New Business Models in the Creative Economy (CREATe) research scope, this literature review investigates the current trends, advantages, disadvantages, problems and solutions, opportunities and barriers in Open Access Publishing (OAP), and in particular Open Access (OA) academic publishing. This study is intended to scope and evaluate current theory and practice concerning models for OAP and engage with intellectual, legal and economic perspectives on OAP. It is also aimed at mapping the field of academic publishing in the UK and abroad, drawing specifically upon the experiences of CREATe industry partners as well as other initiatives such as SSRN, open source software, and Creative Commons. As a final critical goal, this scoping study will identify any meaningful gaps in the relevant literature with a view to developing further research questions. The results of this scoping exercise will then be presented to relevant industry and academic partners at a workshop intended to assist in further developing the critical research questions pertinent to OAP
The Justice of Balance: Understanding Intellectual Property from Chinese Historical and Philosophical Perspectives
No full textPhDIn today's world, intellectual property is widely viewed as a threat to the public interest in
using knowledge. As many scholars have argued, a theoretical reason accounting for this
phenomenon is that traditional understanding of intellectual property emphasizes strong
property rights rather than the public interest. As historical studies have shown, this
understanding is fundamentally influenced by the practice of printing monopoly of
sixteenth-seventeenth century England, which gave overwhelming attention to
appropriation.
This thesis tries to join the above debates by examining the intellectual property history
of pre-modern China. Based on the historical inquiry, it further makes several theoretical
suggestions to the ongoing development of intellectual property theories.
This thesis argues that intellectual property practice as a tool of stimulating creativity
emerged in China when the commercialization of knowledge products made the
intellectual property protection a must. A more important finding is that, in a relatively
non-monopolistic atmosphere, tremendous efforts were made to effectively disseminate
knowledge to enhance the public interest; there existed no obvious conflict between
stimulating knowledge creativity and promoting knowledge use.
This thesis then suggests that knowledge creativity and knowledge use are inherently
inter-nutritional and inter-conflicting. To promote their reciprocity, it is crucial to keep
balance between maximizing knowledge use and stimulating robust knowledge creativity.
This thesis further proposes a system containing `the right of accessing knowledge' and
`the right of deserving reward', in which intellectual property is only a mean to the end
and coexists with various alternative models.
This thesis provides a firm theoretical support to the public interest but does not
necessarily devalue the importance of knowledge creativity and intellectual property. In
many fields, well-designed intellectual property laws must continue to prevail
Intellectual property law and e-commerce in Sri-Lanka: towards a jurisprudence based on constitution, Roman-Dutch law and Buddhist principle
No full textPhDModem developments in technology, connnerce and the cultural industries pose
problems for intellectual property in Sri Lanka, as everywhere. Case law may be used for
judicial guidance but there are comparatively few reported cases from the Sri Lankan
courts. By examining Sri Lanka's juridical history and Constitution, together with
constitutionally recognised Buddhist principles, it is possible to suggest further sources
of guidance for judges. Using the proposed framework, it may be possible for the judges
to apply existing law to new situations and avoid the need for constant legislative change
in an attempt to keep up with developments and comply with Sri Lanka's international
obligations.
The extent to which such guidance may be useful is explored by looking at specific
issues, which have caused difficulty in other jurisdictions. It is hoped that the proposed
techniques could be used to build up a body of Sri Lankan jurisprudence. Ms may prove
more stable and effective than incremental legislation.
'Status juris - 'Mis study (unless otherwise stated) based on material available as at
0 1.12.2004 and the law in force on that date
