21,256 research outputs found
Percepcja różnych form składniowych zdań generycznych: badanie eksperymentalne
No full textGenerics are statements that express generalizations about categories rather than individuals (e.g., “a tiger is striped,” “mosquitoes carry the West Nile Virus,” or “the dinosaur is extinct”). In English, some generics can assume more than one syntactic form, i.e., bare plural, definite singular, and indefinite singular, while others seem acceptable in the bare plural form only. Experimental findings (Karczewski 2015) speak in favour of a claim that plural generics represent a prototypical construction in English and Polish. Thus, we sought to explore – relying on a conceptually based approach to generics (Prasada et al. 2013) – the extent to which adult speakers of Polish accept various predication types (majority characteristic, minority characteristic, majority statistical, or striking) in the singular form. The primary goal of the article is to replicate Leslie et al.’s studies (2009), while introducing a different research method and using the data from Polish sources. Overall, the results of the study indicate that the singular form in Polish selects generic statements that express principled information concerning the kind and, as such, our results confirm the findings from Leslie et al. (2009) and Prasada et al. (2013).Zdania generyczne to stwierdzenia, które wyrażają uogólnienia dotyczące całych kategorii, a nie ich konkretnych przedstawicieli (np. „tygrys jest w paski”, „komary przenoszą malarię” czy „dinozaury wymarły”). W języku angielskim niektóre zdania generyczne mogą przyjąć więcej niż jedną formę składniową, wyrażoną w obrębie grupy nominalnej, to jest: liczby mnogiej bez przedimka, liczby pojedynczej z przedimkiem określonym i liczby pojedynczej z przedimkiem nieokreślonym. Wyniki badań eksperymentalnych (Karczewski 2015) przemawiają za twierdzeniem, że zdania generyczne wyrażone w liczbie mnogiej stanowią konstrukcję prototypową w języku angielskim i polskim. Dlatego też podjęliśmy próbę zbadania – opierając się na pojęciowym modelu opisu zdań generycznych (Prasada i in. 2013) – w jakim zakresie dorośli rodzimi użytkownicy języka polskiego przyjmują za poprawne użycie liczby pojedynczej w różnych rodzajach predykatów generycznych (takich jak cecha reprezentatywna przypisywana większości, cecha reprezentatywna przypisywana znacznej części, cecha statystycznie typowa, cecha uderzająca). Głównym celem prezentowanych badań jest replika badań Leslie i in. (2009), ale z zastosowaniem odmiennej metodologii i z użyciem polskich danych. Wyniki eksperymentu wskazują, że w języku polskim grupa nominalna w liczbie pojedynczej jest akceptowalna w tych zdaniach generycznych, które wyrażają powiązanie oparte na cesze regularnej. Obserwacja ta potwierdza wnioski wynikające z badań Leslie i in. (2009) i Prasady i in. (2013).Daniel Karczewski: [email protected] Wajda: [email protected] Karczewski - Uniwersytet w BiałymstokuEdyta Wajda - Uniwersytet w BiałymstokuCarlson, Gregory N. 1980. Reference to Kinds in English. New York: Garland.Chesterman, Andrew. 1991. On Definiteness. A Study with a Special Reference to English and Finnish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Karczewski, Daniel. 2015. “Factors determining genericity in the light of experimental studies of generics”. In Krzysztof Kosecki and Janusz Badio (eds.) Empricial Methods in Language Studies. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 29–40.Karczewski, Daniel. 2013. Genericity in language and thought. A cognitive study. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Institute of English Studies, Warsaw University.Khemlani, Sangeet, Leslie, Sarah-Jane and Sam Glucksberg. 2009. “Generics, prevalence, and default inferences”. In Niels Taatgen, Hedderik van Rijn, John Nerbonne and Lambert Schomaker (eds.) Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.Krifka, Manfred, Pelletier, Francis Jeffry, Carlson, Gregory N., ter Meulen, Alice, Link, Godehard, and Gennaro Chierchia. 1995. “Genericity: An Introduction”. In Gregory N. Carlson and Francis Jeffry Pelletier (eds.) The Generic Book. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1–124.Langacker, Ronald W. 1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. 2. Descriptive Application. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.Langacker Ronald W. 1996. “A Constraint on Progressive Generics”. In Adele E. Goldberg (ed.) Conceptual Structure, Discourse and Language. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 289–302.Langacker, Ronald W. 1997. “Generics and habituals”. In René Dirven and Angeliki Athanasiadou (eds.) On Conditionals Again. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 143, 191–222.Langacker, Ronald W. 1999. “Generic constructions”. In Grammar and Conceptualization. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 247–260.Lawler, John M. 1973. Studies in English Generics. University of Michigan papers in linguistics 1.Leslie, Sarah-Jane. 2007. “Generics and the structure of the mind”. Philosophical Perspectives 21, 375–403.Leslie, Sarah-Jane. 2008. “Generics: Cognition and Acquisition”. Philosophical Review 117 (1), 1–47.Leslie, Sarah-Jane. 2012. “Generics articulate default generalizations”. Recherches Linguistiques de Vincennes 41, 25–44.Leslie, Sarah-Jane, Khemlani, Sangeet, Prasada, Sandeep and Sam Glucksberg. 2009. “Conceptual and linguistic distinctions between singular and plural generics”. In Niels Taatgen, Hedderik van Rijn, John Nerbonne and Lambert Schomaker (eds.). Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.Prasada, Sandeep, Khemlani, Sangeet, Leslie, Sarah-Jane and Sam Glucksberg. 2013. “Conceptual distinctions amongst generics”. Cognition 126, 405–422.Radden, Günter. 2009. “Generic reference in English: A metonymic and conceptual blending analysis”. In Uwe Panther, Klaus, Linda L. Thornburg and Antonio Barcelona (eds.) Metonymy and Metaphor in Grammar. Amesterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 199–228.233-2451523324
Report on Meteorological Research March 1, 1935 (m-1)
No full textThe object of the report was to elucidate in detail the various features of the research program in meteorology being carried on at the Daniel Guggenheim Airship Institute in Akron, Ohio. Mr. L. J. Fangman, of the U.S. Weather Bureau, was collaborating with the author in carrying out work such as a study of autographic records of the various meteorological elements during frontal passages with a view to the possible prediction of the intensity of the accompanying disturbance as it may affect the operation of aircraft and a study of atmospheric gustiness with a view to finding the dependence between frequency end amplitude of velocity fluctuations and the vertical temperature and velocity gradients
(Fourth) Report on Meteorological Activities at the DGAI (8-1-36)(Weather Bureau Copy)
No full textThis report is on the investigations of frontal phenomena at the Daniel Guggenheim Airship Institute in Akron, Ohio from January 1, 1935 through August 1, 1936. The investigation was carried out with the cooperation of the U.S. Bureau of Aeronautics, the U.S. Weather Bureau, the California Institute of Technology, and the Guggenheim Airship Institute. Mr. R.C. Robinson of the Weather Bureau cooperated with the author in carrying out the investigation. The object of the investigation was to determine the intensity of the atmospheric disturbances (i.e. rapidity of wind shift and gustiness) accompanying the passage of cold fronts, along with a study of the characteristics of the air masses involved and other features which might affect the intensity of the disturbance. The report treated thirty cold fronts which passed the station during 1935 to 1936
Archives and Images as Repositories of Time, Language, and Forms from the Past: A Conversation with Daniel Eisenberg
No full textIntroduction to the Special Issue The Social Impact of Metaphor: Cross-Cultural and Linguistic Perspectives (STUDIES IN COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS 4)
No full textJustyna Wawrzyniuk: [email protected] Wawrzyniuk, Ph.D., is a lecturer at the University of Białystok, Poland. Her research interests focus on the creativity of figurative language as a means of shaping identity. She is an author of several articles and currently serves as the Principal Investigator in a two-year National Science Centre (Poland) research project on constructing gender identity through metaphors.Daniel Karczewski, an Assistant Professor in the Department of English Linguistics at the University of Białystok, Poland, holds a Ph.D. in Cognitive Linguistics. His research explores the generic overgeneralization effect and normativity in language. He received an award from the Polish Cognitive Linguistics Association for the best Ph.D. dissertation in cognitive linguistics in 2014 and authored Generyczność w języku i w myśleniu: Studium kognitywne (Genericity in Language and Thought: A Cognitive Study).Justyna Wawrzyniuk - University of Białystok, PolandDaniel Karczewski - University of Białystok, PolandDalpanagioti, T. 2023. Developing productive metaphoric competence through a frame-inspired task-based teaching model. Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies 43: 33–56.Gibbs, R. W. 2017. Metaphor Wars: Conceptual Metaphors in Human Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Järve, K. & Kerremans, K. 2023. Challenges and procedures in transferring fully metaphorical terms in the EU’s multilingual institutional setting. Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies 43: 11–32.Latané, B. 1981. The Psychology of Social Impact. American Psychologist 36(4): 343–356.Paliichuk, E. 2023. A spiderweb of human trafficking: An empirical linguistic study. Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies 43: 124–155.Reali, F., & Avellaneda, L. 2023. Feminists are warriors: Framing effects of war metaphors. Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies 43: 103–123.Semino, E. 2021, July 5. Fire, waves and warfare: The way we make sense of Covid. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jul/05/fire-waves-and-war-fare-the-way-we-make-sense-of-covidTurner, S., Littlemore, J., Taylor, J., Parr, E., & Topping, A. 2022. Metaphors that shape parents’ perceptions of effective communication with healthcare practitioners following child death: a qualitative UK study. BMJ open 12(1), Article e054991. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054991Yerznkyan, Y., & Movsisyan, D. 2023. Understanding and evaluation: A cross-linguistic study of the evaluative collocates of English and Armenian verbs of understanding. Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies 43: 156–180.202361
Daniel Akech
No full textabstract: Daniel was a little boy when the war came to his village. He witnessed people being shot and running for shelter. There was no food or water so he drank urine and ate tree leaves.
“Lost Boys Found” is an ongoing, interdisciplinary project that is collecting, recording and archiving the oral histories of the Lost Boys/Girls of Sudan. The collection is a work-in-progress, seeking to record the oral history of as many Lost Boys/Girls as are willing, and will be used in a future book.Age: 24Region: Upper NileThis picture and bio was donated to the "Lost Boys Found" oral history project from The Arizona Lost Boys Cente
Daniel Emmett postcard
No full textPostcard of Daniel Emmett and his home in Mount Vernon, Ohio. Emmett is considered to be the author of the antebellum song "Dixie," written in 1859, which became the unofficial song of the Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War. He was born in Mount Vernon in 1815 and taught himself the fiddle, and later became associated with minstrel shows and helped to define that genre. Minstrel shows traveled around the United States, presenting skits and musical performances. Emmett also composed many other songs, including "Old Dan Tucker," "Turkey in the Straw," and "The Blue Tail Fly." He died in 1904
Daniel Jau Maper
No full textabstract: Daniel Jau Maper was herding cattle when Arabs attacked his village.
“Lost Boys Found” is an ongoing, interdisciplinary project that is collecting, recording and archiving the oral histories of the Lost Boys/Girls of Sudan. The collection is a work-in-progress, seeking to record the oral history of as many Lost Boys/Girls as are willing, and will be used in a future book.Age: 27Region: Upper NileThis picture and bio was donated to the "Lost Boys Found" oral history project from The Arizona Lost Boys Cente
Daniel A. Ngor
No full textWhen Daniel was five years old Arab soldiers attacked his village.
“Lost Boys Found” is an ongoing, interdisciplinary project that is collecting, recording and archiving the oral histories of the Lost Boys/Girls of Sudan. The collection is a work-in-progress, seeking to record the oral history of as many Lost Boys/Girls as are willing, and will be used in a future book.Age : 23Region: Upper NileThis picture and bio was donated to the "Lost Boys Found" oral history project from The Arizona Lost Boys Cente
Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)
No full textLetter from Mary T. Steyn of The Readers Digest to Daniel W. Kempner providing some information on the author of an article he was asking about
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