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De l’applicabilité du droit international des droits de l’homme dans l’ordre juridique interne
No full textNowadays, individuals are allowed to rely on and invoke the international human rights Law derived from international Conventions, provided that such international Law becomes a part of the national positive Law. The international treaties on protection of fundamental human rights integrate into the national legal order, either by the way of domestic supplemental laws or regulations (Dualist system), or merely by their ratification and their publication in the official Gazette (Monist system).In the absence of international rules to determine unified criteria to be referred to with respect to direct applicability, it is actually difficult to identify the treaties on protection of human rights that are applicable directly in the domestic legal order, in particular in the States that have adopted Monism in their legal order. Relevantly, the legal doctrine and the case law have adopted two criteria to identify which clauses of an international Convention are self-executing. The first criterion is related to the persons that are subjected to the international statute -the subjective criterion- and the second criterion refers to the level of normativity of the latter statute -the objective criterion-. Even so, the task is still difficult, as it was recently testified in the Hissène Habré Case by the tough controversy on the so-called self-executingness of the United Nations Convention against torture.De nos jours, les particuliers peuvent se prévaloir, devant les autorités judiciaires nationales, du droit international des droits de l’homme d’origine conventionnelle, à condition qu’il soit admis que celui-ci est partie intégrante du droit positif national. Les conventions internationales de sauvegarde des droits fondamentaux imprègnent l’ordre juridique interne soit par le biais de compléments internes d’ordre législatif ou réglementaire (logique dualiste), soit du seul fait de leur ratification suivie de leur publication officielle (logique moniste). En l’absence d’une réglementation internationale uniforme des critères de l’applicabilité directe, la difficulté d’identifier les traités de protection des droits de l’homme directement applicables dans l’ordre interne demeure réelle, notamment dans les Etats qui adhèrent à la conception moniste de l’ordre juridique. De façon décisive, la doctrine et la jurisprudence ont consacré deux critères d’identification des clauses conventionnelles autoexécutoires (self-executing), à savoir le critère subjectif du destinataire de la norme internationale et le critère objectif du degré de normativité juridique de celle-ci. La difficulté de la tâche n’en est pas pour autant annihilée comme en atteste, dans le cadre de l’affaire Hissène Habré, la vive controverse sur le caractère prétendument self-executing de la Convention contre la torture.
De l’applicabilité du droit international des droits de l’homme dans l’ordre juridique interne
No full textNowadays, individuals are allowed to rely on and invoke the international human rights Law derived from international Conventions, provided that such international Law becomes a part of the national positive Law. The international treaties on protection of fundamental human rights integrate into the national legal order, either by the way of domestic supplemental laws or regulations (Dualist system), or merely by their ratification and their publication in the official Gazette (Monist system).In the absence of international rules to determine unified criteria to be referred to with respect to direct applicability, it is actually difficult to identify the treaties on protection of human rights that are applicable directly in the domestic legal order, in particular in the States that have adopted Monism in their legal order. Relevantly, the legal doctrine and the case law have adopted two criteria to identify which clauses of an international Convention are self-executing. The first criterion is related to the persons that are subjected to the international statute -the subjective criterion- and the second criterion refers to the level of normativity of the latter statute -the objective criterion-. Even so, the task is still difficult, as it was recently testified in the Hissène Habré Case by the tough controversy on the so-called self-executingness of the United Nations Convention against torture.De nos jours, les particuliers peuvent se prévaloir, devant les autorités judiciaires nationales, du droit international des droits de l’homme d’origine conventionnelle, à condition qu’il soit admis que celui-ci est partie intégrante du droit positif national. Les conventions internationales de sauvegarde des droits fondamentaux imprègnent l’ordre juridique interne soit par le biais de compléments internes d’ordre législatif ou réglementaire (logique dualiste), soit du seul fait de leur ratification suivie de leur publication officielle (logique moniste). En l’absence d’une réglementation internationale uniforme des critères de l’applicabilité directe, la difficulté d’identifier les traités de protection des droits de l’homme directement applicables dans l’ordre interne demeure réelle, notamment dans les Etats qui adhèrent à la conception moniste de l’ordre juridique. De façon décisive, la doctrine et la jurisprudence ont consacré deux critères d’identification des clauses conventionnelles autoexécutoires (self-executing), à savoir le critère subjectif du destinataire de la norme internationale et le critère objectif du degré de normativité juridique de celle-ci. La difficulté de la tâche n’en est pas pour autant annihilée comme en atteste, dans le cadre de l’affaire Hissène Habré, la vive controverse sur le caractère prétendument self-executing de la Convention contre la torture.
De l’applicabilité du droit international des droits de l’homme dans l’ordre juridique interne
No full textDe nos jours, les particuliers peuvent se prévaloir, devant les autorités judiciaires nationales, du droit international des droits de l’homme d’origine conventionnelle, à condition qu’il soit admis que celui-ci est partie intégrante du droit positif national. Les conventions internationales de sauvegarde des droits fondamentaux imprègnent l’ordre juridique interne soit par le biais de compléments internes d’ordre législatif ou réglementaire (logique dualiste), soit du seul fait de leur ratification suivie de leur publication officielle (logique moniste). En l’absence d’une réglementation internationale uniforme des critères de l’applicabilité directe, la difficulté d’identifier les traités de protection des droits de l’homme directement applicables dans l’ordre interne demeure réelle, notamment dans les Etats qui adhèrent à la conception moniste de l’ordre juridique. De façon décisive, la doctrine et la jurisprudence ont consacré deux critères d’identification des clauses conventionnelles autoexécutoires (self-executing), à savoir le critère subjectif du destinataire de la norme internationale et le critère objectif du degré de normativité juridique de celle-ci. La difficulté de la tâche n’en est pas pour autant annihilée comme en atteste, dans le cadre de l’affaire Hissène Habré, la vive controverse sur le caractère prétendument self-executing de la Convention contre la torture. Nowadays, individuals are allowed to rely on and invoke the international human rights Law derived from international Conventions, provided that such international Law becomes a part of the national positive Law. The international treaties on protection of fundamental human rights integrate into the national legal order, either by the way of domestic supplemental laws or regulations (Dualist system), or merely by their ratification and their publication in the official Gazette (Monist system).In the absence of international rules to determine unified criteria to be referred to with respect to direct applicability, it is actually difficult to identify the treaties on protection of human rights that are applicable directly in the domestic legal order, in particular in the States that have adopted Monism in their legal order. Relevantly, the legal doctrine and the case law have adopted two criteria to identify which clauses of an international Convention are self-executing. The first criterion is related to the persons that are subjected to the international statute -the subjective criterion- and the second criterion refers to the level of normativity of the latter statute -the objective criterion-. Even so, the task is still difficult, as it was recently testified in the Hissène Habré Case by the tough controversy on the so-called self-executingness of the United Nations Convention against torture
De l’applicabilité du droit international des droits de l’homme dans l’ordre juridique interne
No full textDe nos jours, les particuliers peuvent se prévaloir, devant les autorités judiciaires nationales, du droit international des droits de l’homme d’origine conventionnelle, à condition qu’il soit admis que celui-ci est partie intégrante du droit positif national. Les conventions internationales de sauvegarde des droits fondamentaux imprègnent l’ordre juridique interne soit par le biais de compléments internes d’ordre législatif ou réglementaire (logique dualiste), soit du seul fait de leur ratification suivie de leur publication officielle (logique moniste). En l’absence d’une réglementation internationale uniforme des critères de l’applicabilité directe, la difficulté d’identifier les traités de protection des droits de l’homme directement applicables dans l’ordre interne demeure réelle, notamment dans les Etats qui adhèrent à la conception moniste de l’ordre juridique. De façon décisive, la doctrine et la jurisprudence ont consacré deux critères d’identification des clauses conventionnelles autoexécutoires (self-executing), à savoir le critère subjectif du destinataire de la norme internationale et le critère objectif du degré de normativité juridique de celle-ci. La difficulté de la tâche n’en est pas pour autant annihilée comme en atteste, dans le cadre de l’affaire Hissène Habré, la vive controverse sur le caractère prétendument self-executing de la Convention contre la torture. Nowadays, individuals are allowed to rely on and invoke the international human rights Law derived from international Conventions, provided that such international Law becomes a part of the national positive Law. The international treaties on protection of fundamental human rights integrate into the national legal order, either by the way of domestic supplemental laws or regulations (Dualist system), or merely by their ratification and their publication in the official Gazette (Monist system).In the absence of international rules to determine unified criteria to be referred to with respect to direct applicability, it is actually difficult to identify the treaties on protection of human rights that are applicable directly in the domestic legal order, in particular in the States that have adopted Monism in their legal order. Relevantly, the legal doctrine and the case law have adopted two criteria to identify which clauses of an international Convention are self-executing. The first criterion is related to the persons that are subjected to the international statute -the subjective criterion- and the second criterion refers to the level of normativity of the latter statute -the objective criterion-. Even so, the task is still difficult, as it was recently testified in the Hissène Habré Case by the tough controversy on the so-called self-executingness of the United Nations Convention against torture
De l’applicabilité du droit international des droits de l’homme dans l’ordre juridique interne
No full textDe nos jours, les particuliers peuvent se prévaloir, devant les autorités judiciaires nationales, du droit international des droits de l’homme d’origine conventionnelle, à condition qu’il soit admis que celui-ci est partie intégrante du droit positif national. Les conventions internationales de sauvegarde des droits fondamentaux imprègnent l’ordre juridique interne soit par le biais de compléments internes d’ordre législatif ou réglementaire (logique dualiste), soit du seul fait de leur ratification suivie de leur publication officielle (logique moniste). En l’absence d’une réglementation internationale uniforme des critères de l’applicabilité directe, la difficulté d’identifier les traités de protection des droits de l’homme directement applicables dans l’ordre interne demeure réelle, notamment dans les Etats qui adhèrent à la conception moniste de l’ordre juridique. De façon décisive, la doctrine et la jurisprudence ont consacré deux critères d’identification des clauses conventionnelles autoexécutoires (self-executing), à savoir le critère subjectif du destinataire de la norme internationale et le critère objectif du degré de normativité juridique de celle-ci. La difficulté de la tâche n’en est pas pour autant annihilée comme en atteste, dans le cadre de l’affaire Hissène Habré, la vive controverse sur le caractère prétendument self-executing de la Convention contre la torture.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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