197,800 research outputs found
Growth, Environment and Uncertain Future Preferences
No full textThe attitude of future generations towards environmental assets may well be different from ours, and it is necessary to take into account this possibility explicitly in the current debate about environmental policy. The question we are addressing here is: should uncertainty about future preferences lead to a more conservative attitude towards environment? Previous literature shows that it is the case when society expects that on average future preferences will be more in favor of environment than ours, but this result relies heavily on the assumption of a separability between consumption and environmental quality in the utility function. We show that things are less simple when preferences are non-separable: the attitude of the society now depends not only on the expectation of the change in preferences but also on the characteristics of the economy (impatience, intertemporal flexibility, natural capacities of regeneration of the environment, relative preference for the environment), on its history (initial level of the environmental quality) and on the date at which preferences are expected to change (near or far future).Growth ; Environment ; Preferences ; Uncertainty c ° 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
Kiswahili kama Nyenzo ya Maendeleo Nchini Kenya
No full textUkuzaji na uendelezaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya taifa nchini Kenya ni lengo la taifa ambalo bado halijapewa kipaumbele kinachostahili. Hata hivyo, tangu Kenya ilipojinyakulia uhuru, matumizi ya lugha hii yamepevuka kinyume na matarajio ya wengi, kiasi kwamba, kwa sasa, mchango wake katika kufanikisha maendeleo ya sehemu za mashambani1 hauwezi kukadiriwa. Nia ya makala haya ni kubainisha mchango huu katika kufanikisha malengo ya kitaifa katika sehemu za mashambani. Ili kufanikisha lengo la makala haya, kielelezo cha nadharia ya mawasiliano kinachotilia maanani hali halisi ya sehemu za mashambani Kenya kitatumika. Lengo kuu ni kuthibitisha jinsi ambavyo mikakati ya kukuza Kiswahili, kama lugha ya kutegemewa katika nyanja zote, haiwezi kuepukika hasa katika kipindi hiki ambacho jitihada za kuunda Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki zimeshika kasi. Mwisho makala yameainisha vikwazo vinavyokikumba Kiswahili katika maeneo haya ya mashambani pamoja na kutoa mapendekezo ya kudhibiti na kuimarisha lugha hii kama nyenzo ya maendeleo sehemu za mashambani na katika taifa la Kenya kwa ujumla
Kiswahili: kama kilivyotumika nyakati za vita
No full textKatika kuangalia lugha ya Kiswahili, utaona kuwa uchaguzi wa lugha hii kama lugha ya taifa nchini Kenya na kama lugha ya taifa na lugha rasmi nchini Tanzania unatokana na mambo mengi ya kihistoria, kisiasa, kidini na hata kijamii. Mambo haya yamesaidia katika kukubalika kwa lugha hii na watu wengi katika nchi hizi na nchi nyinginezo ulimwenguni. Makala haya yananuiwa hasa kuangalia namna ambavyo vita mbalimbali vilivyosaidia katika uenezaji na ukuaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili katika ule makabala wa kuangalia historia ya Kiswahili
Linguo-Cultural Component in a Folklore Toponym: The Semantics of ‘White’ in the Udmurt Names of the Kama River
No full textРукопись поступила в редакцию 15.02.2022.Received on 15 February 2022.Рецензия на книгу: Кельмаков В. К. Белая Кама впрямь ли белая? (Удмуртские названия реки Камы в письменных источниках) : препринт / В. К. Кельмаков. — Ижевск : Удмуртский университет, 2019. — 104 с. В рецензии рассматривается монография В. К. Кельмакова «Белая Кама впрямь ли белая? (Удмуртские названия реки Камы в письменных источниках)». В основной части исследования даны географические сведения о реке Кама, представлены этимологические теории происхождения имени собственного, изучена специфика функционирования лексемы кам (наиболее вероятного этимона) в древнейшем значении ‘(большая) река’ в топонимии, констатировано сохранение этой семантики в различных устных и письменных источниках. Подробнее автором рассмотрены особенности употребления шести вариантов именования р. Кама в удмуртских текстах разных функциональных сфер: Кам (Кама), Кам (Кама) шур, Тӧдьы Кам (Кама). С опорой на исторические и количественные данные, лингвистические и функционально-стилистические особенности онимических вариантов В. К. Кельмаковым сделан вывод о том, что следует различать два смысловых плана в наименовании «Белая Кама» в произведениях удмуртов: 1) ретроспективный, в соответствии с которым название привязано к географическому объекту р. Белая — историческому месту проживания предков удмуртов; в этом случае компонент кам выступает в исконном значении ‘поток, река’, компонент Тӧдьы ‘Белый’ — в качестве имени собственного; 2) современный, в соответствии с которым «Белая» — поэтический эпитет реки Кама. Исследование выполнено с привлечением объемного фольклорного и значительного сравнительного материала, в том числе на русском и немецком языках. Вместе с тем возникают замечания, касающиеся стиля изложения, структурирования текста, неоднозначности цели исследователя, а также того, что автором не учтена возможность корреляции понятий «белый» — «чистый» — «священный (святой)». Тем не менее на обширной доказательной базе автором получены значимые результаты.Review of the book: Kelmakov, V. K. (2019). Belaia Kama vpriam’ li belaia? (Udmurtskie nazvaniia reki Kamy v pis’mennykh istochnikakh): Preprint [Is the White Kama Really White? (Udmurt Names of the Kama River in Written Sources): Preprint]. Izhevsk: Udmurtskii universitet. 104 p. The review looks at the monograph Is the White Kama Really White? (Udmurt Names of the Kama River in Written Sources) by Valentin K. Kelmakov which is a many-faceted study of the entitled hydronym. The author provides information about its geographical position, considers etymological hypotheses for the origin of this proper name, explores the usage of the word kam in the oldest meaning of ‘(big) river’ as the most probable etymon, substantiates that this archaic meaning is still preserved in various oral and written sources. The focus is on six variants of the name of the Kama River in Udmurt texts of various functional spheres: Kam (Kama), Kam (Kama) shur, Tӧd’y Kam (Kama). Based on historical and statistical data, linguistic and stylistic features of the name variants in the works of the Udmurts, the author concludes that there are two semantic layers in the name “White Kama”: 1) the retrospective, tied to the hydronym Belaya River — the historical homeland of the ancestors of the Udmurts; in this case, the element kam acts in the original meaning of ‘stream, river,’ and the component Tӧd’y ‘White’ — as a proper name; 2) the modern, according to which “white” is a poetic epithet of the Kama River. The study builds on massive folklore and significant comparative material, including foreign languages (Russian and German). However, there are also some deficiencies in terms of the style and structure, the ambiguity of the researcher’s goal, as well as the fact that the author overlooks the correlation between the concepts “white” — “clean, pure” — “sacred (holy, saint)”. Nevertheless, given the extensive evidence base, the author’s work must be complimented and commended for
Optimal Nuclear Waste Burial Policy under Uncertainty
No full textThe aim of this paper is to study the optimal nuclear waste burial policy under an uncertainty : the possibility that an accident might occur in the future. The framework is an optimal growth model with pollution disutility. We show, under some conditions on the waste burial policy, that nuclear power may be a long-term solution for the world energy demand. Under uncertainty on the future safety of the buried waste, the social planner will decide to decrease the rate of waste burying, but the evolution of consumption and hence the evolution of the level of buried waste, are ambiguous. Depending on some simple conditions on the balanced growth rate of the economy and on the preference parameters of the households, the optimal amount of buried waste may increase, even if there is a risk of accident in the future.Nuclear waste; pollution; growth; uncertainty
Composition of Metal Fibulae from the Middle Kama Region (based on the materials of the Udmurt State University collection)
No full textThe paper presents the results of the non-destructive X-ray fluorescence analysis of a group of fibulae from the burial grounds of the Kama-Vyatka region. Because of bad condition, it was possible to establish the composition of a metal alloy for 67 of 262 artifacts. Most of them (56) were made of brass (alloy of copper and zinc). This fact is due to the practice of using broken metal things for re-melting and re-use. Comparison of the types of alloys and dates of fibulae showed a tendency to increase bronze products (alloy of copper with lead or tin) at the turn of the 4th – 5th centuries AD. The author supposes that most likely raw materials for such products could fall into the Kama region in the form of ingots, which is a kind of prototype of money. The composition of some of them, found in the Tarasovo burial ground, has a classic lead-tin bronze recipe
Kikale cha Kifo kama Mbinu ya Utunzi katika Fasihi ya Kiswahili
No full textMakala haya yanachunguza tukio la hatima ya maisha ya kifo ambalo kwa muda mrefu limekuwa likidhihirika na kutumiwa na watunzi katika kazi za sanaa hususani tamthilia. Kifo ni taashira kongwe ambayo imekuwepo katika kazi za sanaa za jamii zote ulimwenguni na katika vizazi na ustaarabu wa nyakati mbalimbali. Kifo kama kikale kimekuwa kikijitokeza mara kwa mara katika kazi za sanaa kwa njia ya kujirudia rudia kiasi kwamba kinajibainisha kama motifu ya utunzi wa kazi za fasihi inayoathiri muundo na dhamira za kazi hizo. Matokeo ya uchunguzi yanafafanua matumizi ya kifo kama mbinu ya utunzi wa tamthilia ya Kiswahili na kudhihirisha kifo kama kikale kinachojirudiarudia katika kazi za fasihi. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia ya uhakiki wa vikale iliyoasisiwa na mtaalamu Northrop Frye (1957) kutoka Kanada
Forest and Steppe: A Dialogue of Cultures. On Archaeological Materials from the Kama Region
No full textThe paper focuses on the contacts between the populations in the forest of the Kama region and the southern steppe region during the Iron Age (8th c. BC-5th c. AD) and early Middle Ages. The research was primarily based on archaeological material. The ramified river systems of the Volga, Kama, Vyatka and Belaya actually provided the main routes for contact between the forest of the Kama region and the southern steppe. During the period in question, new technologies, household activities, and elements of material and spiritual culture penetrated the forest of the Kama region through the trade routes of antiquity and by the mediation of various ethnic groups speaking Iranian, Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages
From Being Moved to Being Still: Kama Muta Reduces Postural Sway Velocity
No full textObjectives
Grounded in embodiment theory, this exploratory study examines whether kama muta (as being moved/touched) elicits measurable changes in postural sway (subtle body movement even during stillness) reflecting an emotional–motor connection.
Methods
Data were collected from 87 university students (aged 18–43 years, M = 22.22, SD = 3.20). Participants viewed six video clips (kama muta and neutral condition) while standing on a force plate that recorded their postural sway. After each video, participants rated their feelings of being moved on a 5-point Likert scale.
Results
Kama muta was associated with a significant reduction in sway velocity compared to the neutral condition (p = 0.003), with no significant differences in mean amplitude (p = 0.31). Sway velocity and amplitude decreased significantly in the second half of the kama muta condition (p 0.05).
Conclusion
Findings indicate a possible stabilizing effect of kama muta on postural control, promoting physical grounding during emotional experiences. While the homogeneous sample limits generalizability, these results enhance our understanding of emotional embodiment and suggest potential applications for fostering emotional and social connection. Future research should explore these mechanisms by including comprehensive emotion assessments and additional measures to identify muscular activation patterns
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