243,704 research outputs found
Praktische Anwendung der pränatalen und präimplantativen Diagnostik
No full textDie Betrachtung von pränataler Diagnostik und Präimplantationsdiagnostik unter dem Aspekt der allgemeinen Bedingungen und Regeln ärztlichen Handelns zeigt, dass diese Methoden in verschiedener Hinsicht nicht ohne weiteres in diesen Rahmen hineinpassen. Sowohl der Begriff der Therapie wie derjenige der Prävention erfahren Bedeutungsverschiebungen, wenn von «therapeutischem Schwangerschaftsabbruch aus fötaler Indikation» oder von «Prävention des Downsyndroms» durch die Verhinderung der Geburt von bereits existierenden menschlichen Lebewesen mit dieser Chromosomenveränderung gesprochen wird. Die sonst übliche Verpflichtung des Arztes, zum Wohle des Patienten unter Berücksichtigung des Allgemeinwohls zu handeln, wird durch Zielkonflikte zwischen den Interessen des Fötus oder Embryos, bei dem pränatale Diagnostik oder Präimplantationsdiagnostik durchgeführt wird, und den Interessen des betroffenen Elternpaars kompliziert und zusätzlich vom ausgesprochenen oder unausgesprochenen utilitaristischen Druck der Gesellschaft überlagert.
Die Besonderheiten ärztlichen Handelns im Rahmen der pränatalen Diagnostik und Präimplantationsdiagnostik bedingen eine besondere medizinethische Reflexion dieser Fragen und daraus abgeleitet besondere Regeln in der Anwendung dieser Methoden. Noch anspruchsvoller als die Erarbeitung solcher Regeln ist allerdings ihre Umsetzung in die Praxis, insbesondere bei der pränatalen Diagnostik. Es braucht eine besondere Sensibilität beim Arzt und der Schwangeren, um zu erkennen, wo die Schwangerschaftsbetreuung den gewohnten Rahmen ärztlichen Handelns verlässt und die erwähnten Bedeutungsverschiebungen der Begriffe Therapie und Prävention sowie mögliche Zielkonflikte auftauchen. Eine solche Sensibilisierung kann nur durch eine breite und anhaltende gesellschaftliche Bewusstseinsbildung erreicht werden
Present-Biased Individuals, Optimal Paternalism, and Transfers in Kind
No full textPresent-biased preferences cause distortions in consumption that can motivate the use of paternalistic in-kind transfers. Empirically, goods are consumed to different degrees when consumption outlay changes. Economists distinguish between necessary goods and luxury goods. A present-biased individual has an intertemporal distortion of consumption toward the present, which in turn distorts present consumption toward luxury goods. In-kind transfers of necessary goods, such as food stamps, can alleviate the intertemporal distortion and make present-biased transfer recipients better off. Further, transfers in kind are asymmetrical in the sense that they can target present-biased recipients without affecting fully rational recipients.in-kind transfers; time preference
Equality of Opportunity and Optimal Cash and In-Kind Policies
No full textThis paper examines the argument for public provision of certain private goods, like education and health, based on equality of opportunity by studying the utility possibility frontier of a society in which there is a concern for the distribution of these goods. A given quality of education or health services can be consumed for free in the public sector, but people can opt-out and purchase their desired quality levels in the private sector. Some of the conclusions are: (i) a pure cash transfer is optimal when the utility redistribution is either “sufficiently” small or large; (ii) if and only if both the equality-of-opportunity concern and the utility redistribution are large enough, can an in-kind program which attracts the whole population be justified; (iii) even when everybody chooses the in-kind program, it may be optimal to perform some additional utility redistribution by increasing the size of such program.equality of opportunity, redistribution, education, in-kind
I'd rather be where the girls are [music] /
No full text"In J. C. Williamson's pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk" -- Cover.; For voice and piano.; Also available online http://nla.gov.au/nla.mus-vn2381805.I would rather be where the girls ar
Ouder-kind relaties en sociaal-emotionele problematiek in de volwassenheid : Een prospectief onderzoek van geboorte tot volwassenheid
No full textIn dit onderzoek zijn verbanden onderzocht tussen de ouder-kind relatie en de sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling gedurende de levensloop. Er werden gegevens gebruikt van 212 personen die van hun geboorte tot en met hun zevenendertigste jaar zijn gevolgd. sem-analyses maakten duidelijk dat een lagere affectieve kwaliteit van ouder-kind relaties gerelateerd was aan een hoger niveau van conflict en lagere kwaliteit van communicatie met ouders in de adolescentie. Deze conflictueuze ouder-adolescent relaties waren op hun beurt weer verbonden met een lagere kwaliteit van partnerrelaties in de jongvolwassenheid, en meer ontevredenheid met het leven (maar niet depressie of angst) tijdens de middenvolwassenheid, op 37-jarige leeftijd.</p
The Impacts of Cash and In-Kind Transfers on Consumption and Labor Supply: Experimental Evidence from Rural Mexico
No full textThe authors use the unique experimental design of the Food Support Program (Programa Apoyo Alimentario) to analyze in-kind and cash transfers in the poor rural areas of southern states of Mexico. They compare the impacts of monthly in-kind and cash transfers of equivalent value (mean share 11.5 percent of pre-program consumption) on household welfare as measured by food and total consumption, adult labor supply, and poverty. The results show that approximately two years later the transfer has a large and positive impact on total and food consumption. There are no differences in the size of the effect of transfer in cash versus transfers in-kind on consumption. The transfer, irrespective of type, does not affect overall participation in labor market activities but induces beneficiary households to switch their labor allocation from agricultural to nonagricultural activities. The analysis finds that the program leads to a significant reduction in poverty. Overall, the findings suggest that the Food Support Program intervention is able to relax the binding liquidity constraints faced by poor agricultural households, and thus increases both equity and efficiency.Adult Work Incentives; Cash Transfers; Consumption; Difference-in-Differences; In-Kind Transfers; Mexico; Poverty Measures; PAL; Randomized design.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The tragedy (or virtue?) of in-kind redistribution: How the poor pays for the rich's status concerns
No full textThe model describes a two person economy, in which one individual with positive exogenous income is altruist towards an individual with no income. The rich individual cares for her own social status. She evaluates her status by comparing disposable net cash incomes. When deciding on the size and on the structure of redistribution, the rich person decides that at least part of the redistribution is done in–kind, even if a private substitute for the publicly provided good is available. The amount of in–kind transfers that is provided exceeds the unconstrained Marshallian demand of the poor individual for the good in question. Hence, optimal policy restricts the poor in his allocative choices. The overall resource transfer is lower when the richer cares for her status compared to a situation in which she does not.Redistribution, in–kind transfers, altruism, status
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