173 research outputs found
Effect of citric acid and enzyme addition on oil yield and some oil properties in cold press oil production
No full textYüksek Lisans TeziGıda endüstrisinde solvent ekstraksiyonu en yaygın kullanılan yöntemdir. Ancak bu yöntem, hem elde edilen yağ kalitesi hem de çevre ve çalışma güvenliği bakımından riskler içermektedir. Soğuk pres yöntemi ise ekonomik, kolay uygulanabilir olmasının yanında yağın kalite parametrelerini bozan işlemler içermediği için daha güvenli ve sağlıklıdır. Bu tez çalışmasında keten tohumu, kabak çekirdeği ve menengiç yağlı tohumlarına pektinaz kompleksi olan bir ticari enzim preparatı, elma çekirdeklerinden ekstrakte edilen β-glukozidaz enzimi ve sitrik asit olmak üzere belirlenen ön uygulamaların yapılmasının ardından soğuk pres yöntemi ile yağ elde edilmiştir. Soğuk preslenmiş yağ ve küspe numunelerine toplam yağ miktarı, verim, serbest asitlik (SYA), peroksit sayısı, renk değerleri, toplam fenolik bileşen miktarı (TFM), DPPH radikal tutucu aktivite ve oksidatif stabilite indeksi (OSI) analizleri yapılmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda sitrik asit ve β-glukozidaz muamelesi kabak çekirdeği yağ veriminin daha yüksek olmasını sağlamıştır. Ticari enzim muamelesi keten tohumunda verimin yüksek olmasını sağlarken, menengiç tohumuna yapılan ilaveler verimde, kontrole göre benzer etki göstermiştir. β-glukozidaz muamelesi ile üç yağlı tohum numunesinde de daha düşük SYA değerleri elde edilmiştir. Peroksit sayısı, muameleler sonucu keten tohumu ve kabak çekirdeği yağında kontrole kıyasla daha fazla olurken, menengiç yağında sitrik asit ve ticari enzim ilaveleriyle daha az olmuştur. Renk değerlerine bakıldığında, ticari enzim ilavesi kabak çekirdeği yağı kırmızılığının daha fazla ve sitrik asit ilavesi ise keten tohumu yağı yeşilliğinin daha az olmasına sebep olmuştur. β-glukozidaz muamelesi ile L*, a*, b* değerleri daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Toplam fenolik bileşen miktarlarında ticari enzim ve sitrik asit muamelesi kontrolden farklı ancak birbirine benzer sonuçlar vermiştir. Oksidatif stabilite indeksinde ticari enzim muamelesi menengiç yağı indüksiyon zamanının daha uzun olmasını sağlamıştır. Sonuç olarak soğuk pres yağlı tohumlarda, pektolitik enzim ve sitrik asit kullanımının verim ve toplam fenolik bileşen miktarı üzerinde olumlu etkilerinin olduğu gözlenmiş, elma çekirdeklerinden elde edilen β-glukozidaz enziminin ise etkisinin düşük kaldığı belirlenmiştir.In the food industry, solvent extraction is the most common method. However, this method involves both the quality of the oil obtained and risks of environmental and operational safety. The cold press method is more economical, easier to apply, and safer and healthier because it does not involve processes that degrade oil quality parameters. In this thesis, oil was obtained by cold press method after pre-treatment application for flaxseed, pumpkin seed and terebinth oil seeds of a commercial enzyme preparation with pectinase complex, β-glucosidase enzyme extracted from apple seeds and citric acid. Percentage of total fat, yield, free acidity, peroxide and color values, total phenolic component (TFM), DPPH radical scavenging activity and oxidative stability index (OSI) analyzes were performed on the cold pressed oil samples and press cake. As a result of experimental studies citric acid and β-glucosidase treatment resulted in higher yield of pumpkin seed oil. While commercial enzyme treatment resulted in high yield in flaxseed, the additives to the terebinth seed had a similar effect on yield in comparison to the control. With the treatment of β-glucosidase, lower SYA values were also obtained in the three oil seed samples. The number of peroxides was less in the terebinth oil with citric acid and commercial enzyme additions, while the treatments resulted in more flaxseed and pumpkin seed oil than in control. Given the color values, the addition of commercial enzyme resulted in more pumpkin seed redness and the addition of citric acid resulted in less flaxseed oil grease. L *, a *, b * values were found higher by β-glucosidase treatment. In total phenolic component amounts, the commercial enzyme and citric acid treatment differed from the control but gave similar results. In the oxidative stability index, commercial enzyme treatment resulted in longer induction time for terebinth oil. As a result, it was observed that the use of pectolytic enzyme and citric acid had a positive effect on the yield and the total amount of phenolic component in cold pressed oil and the effect of β-glucosidase enzyme obtained from apple seeds was low
Dynamic Characterization of a Real-Scale Prestressed Concrete Beam Tested Until Failure
No full textIn this work, dynamic characterization of a simply supported beam is carried out during different steps in a failure load test. The main goal of this work is to evaluate the evolution of the structural dynamic parameters of the beam with different status of damage. Real-scale prestressed concrete beams are tested to investigate its shear behaviour as a part of a large research program at TU Delft. Four dynamic tests are performed at different damage status of the beam: firstly in the initial or undamaged condition; secondly after the first flexural cracks; then, after shear cracking; and finally in the full damaged condition. The dynamic excitation is performed with an impact load at fixed location on the top of the beam and the vibration data is recorded by three different systems. The first one is a cost-effective and open source monitoring equipment, consisting of seven low-cost accelerometers. The second system is based on five trusted high performance accelerometers. The last one is a commercial alternative consisting of four high accuracy piezoelectric accelerometers. Acceleration data is analysed afterwards using Operational Modal Analysis techniques to obtain modal frequencies, modal shapes and damping of the structure in the different states. The obtained dynamic behaviour of the structure and its results are discussed and compared. It is concluded that a change in the frequency of the first flexural mode is only observed when the damage in the beam is very significant, while no changes are observed with the occurrence of flexural and shear cracks.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Concrete Structure
Damage Mode Identification of CFRP-Strengthened Beam Based on Acoustic Emission Technique
No full textExternally bonded (EB) carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is widely used in structural strengthening and retrofitting. Premature debonding of the FRP severely limits the efficiency of CFRP utilization. The application of CRRP anchorage system offers a solution to the debonding problem. However, the understanding of damage mode identification of this combined system still remains elusive. Acoustic emission (AE) technique is employed to identify the damage mode of this CFRP anchorage system, due to its high sensitivity and the ability to detect damage in real-time. The objective of the current study is to identify the failure mechanisms of CFRP-strengthened beam by applying advanced pattern recognition techniques to the collected AE data. Firstly, four-point test of CFRP-strengthened beam was carried out until failure with simultaneous recording of AE signals. Then, correlation analysis was adopted to select the AE characteristic parameters, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used for dimensionality reduction. Lastly, the AE signals of the CFRP-strengthened beam was clustered to track the evolutionary behavior of the different damage modes by Gaussian mixture model (GMM) algorithm. Three main damage modes of CFRP-strengthened beam were identified by GMM clustering: concrete cracking, debonding of CFRP sheet and fracture of CFRP sheet. This study explores the damage evolution mechanism of combined system and provides a basis for achieving health monitoring of CFRP-strengthened structures.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Concrete Structure
Measurement of Restraint Moment Effect on Lab Specimens with Precast Girders Made Continuous
No full textTypically precast girders are designed and utilized as simple supported members. Alternatively, the precast girders can be made continuous at the intermediate support using cast-in-place concrete topping. Once the girders are made continuous, time-dependent restraint moments will occur. The magnitude of the restraint moment is mainly affected by the creep and shrinkage behaviour of the concrete and the age of the girders at continuity. The developing restraint moment may affect the stress conditions near the support region and, in extreme cases, result in the loss of the integrity of the structural member. Currently, full-scale experimental campaign is underway on the shear behaviour precast continuous girders at Delft University of Technology. Inverted T girders are individually cast and later made continuous after a certain period. To investigate the influence of restrained action and quantify the prestress losses, fiber optic sensors (FOS) are embedded in the girders. By utilizing the FOS, the evolution of the concrete strain is monitored. This paper presents the measurement of the time-dependent strains. Furthermore, the concrete strains are analysed to evaluate the prestress loss and time-dependent restraint moment effect.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Concrete Structure
Notched Beam Test for SHCC-Concrete Interface
No full textThe number of hybrid concrete structures is increasing due to the need for repairing/strengthening existing structures and the development of new hybrid concrete systems. The structural response of these hybrid structures might be governed by the strength of the interface between the two concretes, making it essential to characterize the mechanical response of the interface. In this research, a notch beam tests is proposed to investigate the structural behavior of the interface. Hybrid beams consisting of Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) and conventional concrete are designed with a notch at mid-span and are tested under a four-point bending configuration. The effect of interface treatment (i.e. surface roughness) and the curing condition is tested using two sets of hybrid beams. The first set has three beams which are cured in sealed conditions until the day of testing and the interface is varied between smooth, profiled and roughened. The second set has two beams with smooth interface where one beam is seal cured and the other one is exposed to drying in the laboratory. The opening of the interface is visualized using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and quantified using Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVTDs) during testing of the hybrid beams. It is observed that increasing the roughness of the interface leads to higher load-bearing capacity and controlled opening of the interface. The beam exposed to drying showed somewhat reduced capacity, possibly due to the pre-damage caused by differential shrinkage of the two concretes.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Concrete Structure
Strain Hardening Cementitious Composite in Reinforced Concrete Cover Zone for Crack Width Control
No full textIn the current study, experiments were carried out to investigate the cracking behaviour of reinforced concrete beams consisting of 1-cm-thick layer of Strain Hardening Cementitious Composite (SHCC) in the concrete cover zone. The hybrid SHCC/concrete beams with different types of interfaces were tested and compared with control reinforced concrete beams without a SHCC layer. A new SHCC/concrete interface that features a weakened chemical adhesion but an enhanced mechanical bonding was also developed to facilitate the activation of SHCC. The beams were tested in four-point bending configuration, while Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to evaluate crack pattern development and crack widths. Results show that hybrid beams possessed similar load bearing capacity but exhibited an improved cracking behaviour as compared to the control beam. The maximum crack width of the best performing hybrid beams exceeded 0.3 mm at approximately 53.3 kN load, whereas in the control beam it exceeded 0.3 mm at only 32.5 kN load. It is thus expected that the hybrid beams developed in the current study will possess an improved durability and enhanced self-healing potential as a result of having smaller cracks, leading to an extended service life at the expense of minimal additional cost.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Materials and EnvironmentConcrete Structure
Structural Behaviour of Slender Geopolymer Concrete BeamsWithout Stirrups
No full textGeopolymer concrete is a new alternative material to conventional concrete with less carbon dioxide emissions. Researchers have reported much research on the material properties of geopolymer concrete. However, research on the behaviour of this newmaterial at the structural level is still limited, especially at a full-scale structural level. Three geopolymer concrete beams with a total height of 700mm were tested till the shear failure. The first two specimens were subjected to the monotonically increasing load until the shear failure. The third specimen was first loaded under sustained load at the level of 80 kN for three weeks to investigate the influence of shrinkage and creep on the cracking behaviour. Then the specimen was then unloaded and reloaded again to failure. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) measurement was used to measure the surface deformation of the whole span of the beam. The crack spacing, crack width and crack development were investigated using the DIC measurement. The experimental results showed that the shear capacity of tested geopolymer concrete beams is lower than the calculated result based on the Eurocode.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Concrete Structure
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Historical Steel-Concrete Composite Bridge Decks Without Mechanical Connectors
No full textIn old Dutch inner cities like Amsterdam a large number of steel-concrete bridge decks built between 1880 and 1960 remain in service nowadays and currently need assessment of their bearing capacity. A significant number of these decks were designed without any mechanical connectors like shear studs in the interface between concrete and steel. Moreover, the concrete decks were designed with only shrinkage reinforcement in both directions on the top layer of concrete. No additional transverse reinforcement was placed that can ensure proper (re)distribution of loads after cracking. In order to study the bearing capacity of this deck typology, two specimens of an existing bridge were taken to the Stevin Lab of TU Delft and tested until failure. In this work, the experimental results of both tests are presented. Then, finite element models including nonlinear behaviour of the materials and the interface are presented and compared with the experimental observations. Experimental results show that the bearing capacity is achieved after yielding of the steel beams. Nevertheless, the ductility and transverse load distribution of the elements is affected by the interface behaviour and the poor detailing. The finite element simulation strategy used shows good agreement with the experiment and can be used for future assessments.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Concrete Structure
Use of commercial off-the-shelf digital cameras for scientific data acquisition and scene-specific color calibration
No full textAuthor Manuscript. Published in final edited form as: J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2014 February 1; 31(2): 312–321
SIMBOL DAN NILAI SOSIAL DALAM LIRIK LAGU SOUNDTRACK ANIME HIBIKE! EUPHONIUM (DREAM SOLISTER & TUTTI) Kajian Semiotika 「響け！ユーフォニアム」アニメサウンドトラック、 『DREAM SOLISTER』と『TUTTI』の曲にあるシンボルと社会的な価値
No full textABSTRACT
Annisa, Nefradiena Derya. 2018. “Symbols and Social Values in Original Soundtrack of Anime Hibike! Euphonium (DREAM SOLISTER & TUTTI)”. Thesis (bachelor degree). Japanese Language Study, Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University Semarang. Advisor Yuliani Rahmah, S.Pd. M.Hum.
Lyric is a poem in the form of a song, a literary work that contains the outpouring of feelings of the author or mind. The two original soundtracks of anime Hibike! Euphonium, namely DREAM SOLISTER and TUTTI, are played using musical instruments dominated by wind instruments (brass band) and both of their lyrics are filled with enthusiasm feeling.
The purposes of this research are to find the symbols and the social values which are contained in the song DREAM SOLISTER and TUTTI, the original soundtracks of anime Hibike! Euphonium.
The results of this research are: finding on three kind of symbols; blank symbol, private symbol, natural symbol, and also found two kind of social values; dominant social value and internalized social value. Both DREAM SOLISTER and TUTTI have ‘struggle’ in their music and themes. The two songs are containing 16 blank symbols, 7 private symbols, and 3 natural symbols. Moreover, there are 4 dominant social values and 15 internalized social values.
Keywords: song, lyric, semiotic, symbol, social value, and music
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