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(15(2):38-48)COMPARISON OF THE VITALITY OF MUSHROOM MULTIPLIED BY SPORES AND TISSUES
No full text本試驗洋菇種菌用胞子與組織連續繁殖或交替繁殖，在三個世代中，菌絲培養生長速度，無論在洋菜培養基或堆肥培養基及經過玻璃環隔離培養或同一試管之接種原經不同時間之移植培養者，均以胞子繁殖部份之菌絲生長速度快於組織繁殖部份。而子實體之產量却無顯著之差異，惟出菇時間胞子繁殖部份有提早之趨勢。
The vitality and yield of mushrooms multipled were continued to study by different methods. A number of mushroom varieties and strains have been obtained from various countries since the culture method and synthetic composting technique were developed with the effort of our workers. Up to now, mushrooms are generally perpetuated by tissue-cultures or spore-cultures or by both alternating-cultures. To compare the effects of different methods of multiplication on the sporephore growth we have inade observation on three generations. According to the velocity of myclia growth, we have observed in the previous studies that the growth of mycelia of spore-cultures are more vigorous than that of tissue-cultures under whatever ways of cultures; such as Agar-culture, Composting-culture and Glass-ring insulated culture (Van Tieghem Cell) or the original strain transferred under different periodic time with the same tude. The results obtained from the three alternating generations of observation tests proved to be of no significant difference on the yield of fruiting body. But by using the sporecultures, it shows an earlier tendency to produce fresh mushroom
(14(4):44-46)STUDY ON THE PRESERVATION OF BASIDIOSPORES AND TISSUES OF AGARICUS CAMPESTRIS L. ET FR.
No full text1. 洋菇胞子以 Sordelli 法真空乾燥貯存，不論置於 -4o，-2o，0o，5o，15o，25℃，或室內之常溫下，在一年內均能保持良好的生活力，至於是否可以繼續貯存多年及對洋菇產量之關係如何，尚待今後之調查與研究。
2. 洋菇組識以同樣方法貯存，經壹個月後，均失去其生活能力，故無繼續研討之必要。
3. 未經處理之洋菇胞子或組識，不宜於室內常溫下貯存。
Comparative studies were made on the viability of basidiospores or tissue of A. campestris stored at -4°, -2°, 0°, 5°, 15°, 25°C and at room temperature under vacuum-drying condition. Spores stored at different temperature, except those not placed in vacuum-drying tubes, all retained germinability after one year’s storage. A shorter storage period, however, was obtained with mushroom tissue. The tissue when stored at -2°, -4°C was still viable after one month, but lost its viability after one month at 0°, 5°, 15°, 25°C and at room temperature. Those tissues not stored in vacuum-drying tube retained their viability for less than one week
(14(3):49-59)SURVEY AND CONTROL ON THE VERTICILLIUM DISEASE IN CULTIVATED MUSHROOM
No full text1 洋菇褐斑病是本省洋菇栽培上發生最普遍之一種病害，輕微時影響洋菇品質，嚴重時工廠不予收購，致務農損失慘重。
2 洋菇褐斑病多發生於高溫多濕之菇舍，尤以噴水後菇舍通風不良時發生最為旺盛。
3 洋菇褐斑病在本省為害程度是由南，中，北部依次遞減，其為害程度普遍是在3%以下者居多，在5%以上者甚少。
4 Dithane M-22及Brestan 60 兩種殺菌藥劑，在低濃度0.0125%時對洋菇褐斑病病原菌胞子發芽均有顯著之抑制藥效，但Dithane M-22 之擴散性較Brestan 60為大，所以二者形成之制菌圈有顯著之差異，二者可施用濃度Dithane M-22是0.0125~0.5%，Brestan 60是0.0125~0.025%，但在實驗室菇體接種噴藥試驗之有效濃度以Dithane M-22 0.1%，Brestan 60 0.05%為最好，其與前者濃度之相差原因是菇體接種所須實際濃度較高之故。3
5 施用Dithane M-22 0.1%及0.2%兩種濃度噴撒菇體及覆土，而以0.2%濃度噴撒於覆土表面獲得效果最佳，生出菇體遺毒餘留量為零，故在推廣預防本病害時較為理想。
1. The brown spot disease of mushroom caused by Verticillium agaricicotum widely spread and led to the serious loses in the mushroom cultivation in Taiwan.
2. The disease was more prevalent in the southern part than in the northern part of Taiwan. Generally speaking, the cultivated mushrooms were injuried by the infection of the disease slightly and the disease rarely occurred severely.
3. High temperature and heavy humidity, especially when there is poor ventilation in the mushroom house after watering favoured the occurrence of brown spot disease.
4. Both Dithane M-22 and Brestan 60 showed the inhibiting effect on the spore germination of the causal organism at the rather low concentration 0.0125%. Effective concentrations of Dithane M-22 and Brestan 60 to inhibit the mycelial growth were 0.0125-0.5% and 0.0125-0.025% respectively. Dithane M-22 at 0.1% and Brestan 60 at 0.5% were the most effective ones for the inhibition of disease occurrence on mushrooms.
5. For practical disease control, spraying 0.2% water suspension of Dithane M-22 on casing layer is recommendable, because the chemical residues are nearly at zero
(13(4):36-47)A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON MUSHROOM DISEASE SURVEY FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDING 3lth OCTOBER, 1964, IN TAIWAN.
No full text本報告係調查臺灣省52~53年期洋菇栽培季節所發生洋菇病害種類，為害程度及其罹病率，玆將調查結果簡述如下：
(一） 本省發生之洋菇病害計有六種：
1. 褐斑病（Verticillium agaricicotum Sawada）;
2. 洋菇塊菌病（Pseudobalsmia microspora Fish）;
3. 綠黴病（Penicillium spp.）;
4. 洋菇凋萎病（Fusarium spp.）;
5. 褐皮病（Myriococcum Praecox Fr.）;
6. 白皮病(Monilia fimicol (Cost & Mat Arnaud & Bertholet)。
(二) 該六種病害中為害程度較重者是褐斑病(Verticillium agaricicotum)及洋菇塊菌病(Pseudo balsamia microspora，前者主要為害洋菇子實體，其病徵為顯明之褐色不規則小斑點逐漸擴大凹陷，呈深褐色或暗褐色，嚴重時洋菇子實體畸形凹陷，品質降低，後者主要為害洋菇菌絲，其病徵為堆肥中洋菌絲逐漸退化成水濕狀而致消失，堆肥或覆土表面該病原菌產生許多白色腦狀子囊殼，該二種病害誠為當前本省洋菇病害防治工作，及洋菇生產事業極重視問題，其餘四種病害為害輕微，對本省洋菇生產影響甚小。
(三) 該六種病害其罹病率按其大小順序如下：
1. 褐皮病（44.16%）;
2. 白皮病（27.94%）;
3. 褐斑病（24.73%）;
4. 洋菇塊菌病（8.92%）;
5. 綠黴病（4.04%）;
6. 洋菇凋萎病（2.49%）。
(四) 新建菇舍無論磚房、草房、土房，皆較舊菇舍（使用二年以上者）發生病害較少，其受害程度，罹病率亦較輕，舊菇舍一般因使用前後未經徹底實施菇舍消毒，故極易發生病害，其中磚房、土房比草房發生病害較重。
This report is the results of mushroom disease K. Z. Hu, T. C. Dough and James C. M. Mao survey which was begun on October 1, 1963 and ended on October 31, 1964, in Taiwan (Formosa), and the kinds of mushroom diseases, their damage de grees, and infected percentage.
(1) According to the results of this survey, there are six Kinds of mushroom diseases occurring in mushroom shelters. They are Brown spot (Verticillium agaricicotum), Truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora), Green mould (Peni-cillium spp.), Damping-off (Fusarium spp.), Brown plaster mould (Myriococcurn praecox), and white plaster mould (Monilia fimicola).
(2) Among the six, mushroom diseases, Brown spot (Verticillium agaricicotum) and Truffle disase (Pseudobalsamia microspora) are the most important mush-room diseases and make a serious infection and damage in Taiwan. The former attacks the fruitbody of mushrooms. The first symptons of infection, due to Verticillium agaricicotum, is the production of light brown, small superficial, irregularly spots on the caps of mushrooms. As these spots extend in diameter there is coalescing into dark brown blotches. In more severe attacks the mushrooms become distorted and dry leathery tissue. The later attacks the mycelium of mushrooms. The symptom is the compost, which have been fieled with mushroom mycelium, in the affected areas seems normal at first, then the mushroom mycelium slowly degenerates into a soggy mass, and finally disappears. The small brains (“calves hrains”) are produced in great abundance in the compost or casing layer by the pathogen. Now it is an important problem how to control them effectively and decrease the damage of mushroom pro-duction in Taiwan. The Green mould, Damping off, Brown plaster mould and white plaster mould appear to be of only minor important and less damage.
(3) The order of infected percentage of those fungi are given below:
a. Brown plaster mould (Myriococcum raecox): 44.16%
b. White plaster mould (Monilia .firnicola): 27.94%
c. Brown spot (Verticillium agaricicotum): 24.73%
d. Truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora): 8.92%
e. Green mould (Penicillium spp.): 4.04%
f. Damping-off (Fusarium spp.); 2.49%
(4) In spite of the various mushroom shelters, such as brick wall house, mud wall house, and cottage, the new builting of mushroom shelters has reduced the incidence of those diseases and less damage or infected percentage than those of old mushroom shelters－to be used more than two years. In general, the old mushroom shelters in which the diseases are easily occurred during the reason of growing mushrooms have never been disinfected completely ofter empty before use in Taiwan. For this reason, there are more serious diseases being carried over into the next crop in brick wall or mud wall house than those of cottage
(13(3):57-64)SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. NIVERUM (E. F. S.) S. et H., THE CAUSAL AGENT OF FUSARIUM WILT OF WATERMELON
No full text本試驗分離西瓜蔓割病病原菌計有 481 , 482 , 483 , 484 , 485 , 486 , 487 , 488 , 489 ，等九個菌號。依胞子平均值之大小分為大（5.655×24μ），中（3.9× 15μ），小（3.65×10.79μ）三組，大胞子較小胞子對寄主植物之致病力為強。
除 485 菌號養30℃時生長良好外，其他八個菌號均在25℃時生長良好，在40℃時均不能生長。各菌號在pH 4－10均能生長，除484菌號在pH 8與10時亦能生長良好外，其他各菌號均在 pH6－8生長較佳。全部各菌號在 pH4 與 pH10 生長均較緩慢， pH 2 時均不能生長。
Nine cultural isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. niverum (E. F. S.) S. et H. were obtained. They were designed at Nos. 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, and 489. According to the average of conidia size, three kinds of conidia were obtained. The macroconidia are the size of 5.64 x 24μ and the microconidia, the size of 3.69 x 10.78μ. Between macroconidia and microconidia are the size of 3.9 x 15.03μ. The macroconidia is more pathogenic than the microconidia.
The growth and development of No. 485 were normal at 30° C. on the other hand Nos. 481, 482, 483, 484, 486, 487, 488, and 489 grew normally at 25° C. All isolates did not grow at 40°C.
As to the range of pH value, they even could grow normally at the range of pH 4 to 10. No. 484 grew normally at pH 8 to 10. The others had the optimum at pH 6 to 8. They grew slower at pH 4 or 10 than at pH 6 to 8. At pH 2, all isolates could not grow
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
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Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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