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(Bulletin No.11) Soils Of Kaohsiung Prefecture, Taiwan Province, China
No full text高雄縣土壤調查、於民國三十八年十二月開始，野外觀察採樣，測繪，以至室內化驗，研究，製圖，均經進行完竣，茲將報告書內容摘述於下：
一、地位面積及人口：本縣位於本島之東南部，在東經120˚10’32”-121˚57’12”，北緯22˚28’28”-23˚28’4”，面積2,832.5175平方公里，約合全省面積8.19%，1950年人口為447,296人。
二、河流：本縣河流有下淡水河，阿公店溪，二層行溪及數小溪流，下淡水河自東北向西南流，流長158.6公里。
三、市區：本縣境內有高雄市直屬省府，縣內轄26個鄉鎮。
四、交通：境內除縱貫線鐵路與公路外，尚有各糖廠鐵道與鄉鎮公路，縱橫連絡，除山地外，交通稱便。
五、農林業：本縣農業生產，年有進步，據縣府統計，民國39年作物面積有85,247公頃，佔全省作物面積6%，年產稻穀107,163,778公斤，甘藷134,001,783公斤，甘蔗1,085,820,568公斤，綠肥136,143,706公斤，其他如大豆，花生，玉米，香蕉，鳳梨及蔬菜等亦多有產出。
The soil survey of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, was started in Nov. 1949 and finished in may, 1951 by K.W. Leung and C.C. Chen.
Data concerning the soils, topography, as well as general agriculture were surveyed and collected; the soils were classified into series, types and phases, the areas of each type and phase were ascertained. A map showing location and distribution of soils was prepared. Morphology of e.ch type and phase was described with some data of chemical composicion and mechanical analyses. A general discussion on soil fertility, management and conservation of this prefecture was included
Field investigation of deformation characteristics and stress mobilisation of a soil slope
Get PDFStress mobilisation and deformation of a slope are important for engineers to carry out reliable design of retaining systems. However, most case histories reported mainly on the response of pore-water pressure (PWP), whereas knowledge about the stress-deformation characteristics of slope is limited. In this study, a saprolitic soil slope was instrumented to monitor not only the responses of PWP but also horizontal stress and horizontal displacement. To assist in the interpretation of field data, a series of laboratory tests was conducted to characterise the volume change behaviour of soil taken from the site, under the effects of both net stress and suction. During a rainstorm event when positive PWP built up, a remarkably large displacement of 20 mm was recorded between 5.5 and 6 m depths, and the top 5 m of the slope exhibited translational down-slope movement. This caused an increase in effective horizontal stress by 350%, which reached a peak value close to 40% of an effective passive stress. During the subsequent dry season when suction was recovered, an up-slope rebound of 10 mm was recorded. Comparison of field and laboratory data reveals that the rebound was attributed to suction-induced soil shrinkage. This rebound led to a decrease in the effective horizontal stress previously built up during the storm event
Modeling and Describing an Ontological Knowledge Framework for Integrated Public Service Delivery
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(Bulletin No.14) Soils Of Pengtung Prefecture, Taiwan Province, China
No full text屏東縣土壤調查，於民國三十九年一月開始，野外及室內工作，均經先後完成。茲將報告書內容摘述於下：
一、地位、面積及人口：本縣位於本省之最南部，在東徑120˚20’55”-120˚54’40”，北緯20˚45’25”-20˚53’09”。面積為2,776 方公里，約佔全省面積7.72%，人口為485,512人。
二、溪流：本縣溪流有九：(一)下淡水溪。(二)東港溪。(三)林邊溪。(四)斯本溪。(五)莉桐脚溪。(六)楓港溪。(七)四重溪。(八)保力溪。(九)港口溪。以下淡水溪流最長。
三，市區：本縣境內有屏東市、潮州、東港、恒春三鎮及二十九鄉。
The soil survey of Pengtung, Taiwan, was started in Jan. 1950 and finished in Oct. 1951 by K. W. Leung, C. T. Lin and C. Y. Lai.
Data concerning the soils, topography, as well as general agriculture were surveyed and collected: the soils were classified into series, types and phases, the areas of each type and phase were ascertained. A map showing location and distribution of soils was prepared. Morphology of each type and phase was described with some data of chemical composition and mechanical analyses. A general discussion on soil fertility, management and conservation of this prefecture was included
(14(1):42-55)SOIL DEVELOPMENT STUDY OF THE REDDISH BROWN LATERITIC SOILS IN PENGHU HSIEN, TAIWAN, CHINA
No full text1. 本研究選取花嶼系代表剖面──花嶼粘土從新分為五層，進行粘土礦物成分及數項理化性質之補充分析，以為該系土壤化育之研究。
2. 粘粒部份（<2μ）分析結果，用以鑑別及定量粘土礦物者計有：X-Ray照片分析，示熱差分析，熱重量分析，陽離子交換能量，游離鐵及氧化鉀之含量等。
3. 分析結果發見花嶼系粘土全土體各層之主要粘土礦物成分為Kaolinite 約60%，次要成分為Muscovite19－25%，Fe2O3為9－11.4％，其第一、二層並含有約3％左右之Gibbsite。
4. 花嶼粘土之剖面形態及礦物成分與夏威夷之低腐殖紅壤有別，由該粘土所含之Kaolinite在60%左右，表層且有Gibbsite之存在，其紅壤化非屬初期，如與臺灣其他紅棕壤相比，則紅壤化作用尤有過之。
5. 應用 Barshad氏研究土壤化育區分土層方法，根據物理性之補充分析結果及礦物成分，至易將該花嶼粘土剖面分別其第一、二層為積聚層，第三、四層為分解層，第五層為母質層，並可排列其全剖面層次順序為 B2，B1，A12，A11及C層，證之Harrassowitz氏研究標準磚紅土之分層理論至為符合，故花嶼粘土應屬於化育相當良好之紅棕壤。
1. This is a clay mineral study of Hwayu clay (representative soil series) by sampling 5 lazers of the original undisturbed soil monolith, and to analysis several supplemental items of their physical and chemical properties in order to study its soil development.
2. Data from X-Ray photographies, differential thermal analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, cation exchange capacity, free iron oxide and potash were used to characterize quantitatively the minerals in the clay fractions (<2μ) of Hwayu clay profile.
3. Kaolinite was identified in substantial amounts about 60% of all lazers, other minerals include muscovite 19-25%, Fe2O3 9-11.5% and about 3% of gibbsite in the first or second lazer of the profile.
4. The Hwayu clay is different from the soils of Low Humic Latosols is Hawaii base on the analytical results of their morphology and clay minerals. The soils of Hwayu clay is not in the young stage of Laterization according to the content of Kaolinite and Gibbsite and is stronger than that of the other Reddish Brown Lateritic Soils in Taiwan, if we cOmpare their Laterization.
5. It is easily to stratified the first and second lazers as accumulated horizon, the third and forth lazers as decomposed horizon, and the fifth lazer as C horizon by using Barshad’s soil development study method base on the results of the supplemontal physical analysis and conform with clay mineral analysis. So it may be arrange the five lazers in order as B2, B1, A12, A11 and C also. It conforms Harrassowitze’s theory which distinguishes the strata of typical Laterite. Therefore, the Hwayu clay should be classified as a rather good developed Reddish Brown Lateritic Soils
(18(1):55-63)STUDY ON THE CORRELATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN REDDISH BROWN
No full text本研究係就北部大屯火山彙相同母質所育成之三土類，紅棕壤，黑色安山岩土與灰棕壤，研究其理化性質，並探討其生成間之關係，選取四代表剖面，進行其理化分析，包括之項目有土色，機械組成、pH、有機質、全氮量、陽離子交換性質、土壤全量分析及粘土部分之SiO2/R2O3分析等八項目，結果摘要如下：
1.研究地區內自山麓低岡台地以至高山嶺頂有下列土壤發見：暗紅色紅壤（Dark red latosols）→暗紅棕色紅壤（Dark reddish Brown Latosols）→黑色安山岩土（Black Andesite Soils）→灰棕壤（Gray-brown podzolic soils）。
2.四種土壤之物理性分析結果如表1，土層之深度有向山漸減之趨勢，土色之色彩與色度亦漸減，表土之粘土含量亦減小。
3.四種土壤之化學性如表2、3、4及5，其表層有機質含量與C/N比率，SiO2/Al2O3與SiO2/R2O3比率均有向山漸增之結果。
4.上項結果與爪哇發見者頗多相同之結論，所不同者，物理性質如坋粒未見增加，化學性之矽鋁鐵未見減少，此外爪哇未有灰棕壤相連出現，但在日本則可見及。
5.四代表剖面，實際代表三主要土類，即紅棕壤，黑色安山岩土與灰棕壤，就土壤之生成討論，由於第二類非氣候性土壤，抑係未成熟之土壤，難指出其化育間之直接關係。
6.從理化性質之分析結果，則上述結果趨勢，三者間之連帶關係顯然。一若黑色安山岩土即係紅棕壤與灰棕壤間之中間性土壤。
Three soil groups (reddish brown latosols, black andesite soils and gray brown podzolic soils) which are developing from the same parent materials (andesite or andesitic agglomerate and other pyroclastics) have studied on their physico-chemical properties and the correlation of their development. Four soil representative profiles were collected. Items of this experiment consist of mechanical analysis, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange properties, total analysis of the whole soils and the SiO2/R2O3 of the clay fraction etc.. The results are summary as follow:
1. Soils are found from the low table land along the hill side to the top of the high mountain on the area which we have studied, they are: dark red latosols, dark reddish brown latosols, ando soils or black andesite soils and gray brown podzolic soils.
2. The results of the physical properties of the above 4 soil groups are showing on the table 1. The depth of the solum decreases from those occur on the table land to those occur on the mountain, color hue and color chroma decrease and the clay content of the surface soils decrease also.
3. Chemical properties of those soils are showing on the table 2,3,4, and 5. The organic matter content of the surface soils and the C/N, SiO2/Al2O3, SiO2/R2O3 ratios increase from those occur on the table land to those occur on the mountain.
4. The same results have found from the above data and the study in Java, but the physical properties such as silt content is not increased and the chemical properties such as SiO2, Fe2O3, and Al2O3 are not decreased and the gray brown podzolic soils have not found in Java but they have found in Japan.
5. Four representative soil profiles are actually represent three great soil groups, they are reddish brown latosols, black andesite soils and gray brown podzolic soils. According to the discussion from soil genesis. The black andesite soils are not climatic soils or are immature soils, so it is hard to indicate the direct correlation of their development.
6. The trend of the above results shows the apparent relationship between three soil groups base on the results of the physico-chemical properties. It looks like that the black andesite soils are the intermediate soils between the reddish brown latosols and the gray brown podzilic soils
(Bulletin No.21) Soil of Touyuan Prefecture, Taiwan Province, China
No full textSoil survey of Tauyuan succeeding the work of Kaohsiung and Pingtung prefecture was started in late 1950. Field work totaled 56 days. Analysis was finished in 1953 when a part of this report was written. But it was stopped by the initiation of marginal land survey between forest and croped land although the marginal land survey of Tauyuan prefecture gave some correction to this report and its soil map in 1957. In June, 1959, when most of marginal land survey work was done, there is the chance for the report to be rewritten.
History The history of Touyuan area was started from 1723. Before the estab. lishing of Tauyuan hsien (prefecture) in 1950, it was a part of Sinchu hsien.
Locatioa and extent Touyuan prefectureis located south west of Taipei, and faces Taiwan Strait. 1214 sqaare kilometers in extent
(Bulletin No.24) A Synthesis Study Of The Genesis Of Reddish Brown Latosols In Taiwan, China
No full text本報告綜合紅棕壤生成之理論，檢討過去本省紅棕壤調查及研究事實與近年來研究之進展，分從紅棕壤本身之特徵，討論其生成，茲摘要於下：
（一）綜合過去文獻，紅棕壤之生成，包括磚紅土化作用與灰土化作用，生成於揚潤之熱帶或亞熱帶氣候與植物，尤以有顯明之乾濕季節與良好之排水環境下發育完善，至於母質則過去之文獻並無嚴格之規定，惟1960年美國第七次土壤分類草案，則認為Rhodochrults昔稱紅棕壤者，其生成母質為鹽基性火成岩；徜母岩鹽基減少則列入Typochrults，即昔稱紅黃色灰化土者，亦有謂磚紅化土壤之母質，多係上新世至中新世風化之遺物。
（二）紅棕壤之特徵：(1)物理性方面，七色用Munsell標準土色咭以規範之，色譜可由紅至棕，潤時色值少於4的質地B層，乾時色值較潤時不致大一單位以上。(2)化學性方面，粘粒部分之Sa或ki值為1.33~2.00，游離鐵Fe2O3超10%，Al層之有機質低於4%，B層具低鹽基飽和度＜35%。（3）礦物性方面，磚紅土化土壤之粘土曠物成分以kaolinite為主，Gibbsite與Fe2O3亦與焉；由灰土化作用生成較顯之紅棕壤與黃色灰化土，其枯土礦物成分，除Koalitrite為主要成分外，Vermiculite與Gibbsite占次要成分，山水成母質生成之剖面，則B層下並無Gibbsite發見，至於Illite係存在於中間性的黃色灰化土中。
This report includes the general review on the theories of the formation of Reddish Brown Latosols and some evidence being found during the period when soil survey and recent studies concerning the particular subject. In view of these general findings, the genesis of Reddish Brown Latosols is clarified. It may be summarized as follow:
1. From the previous reports it is learned that the genesis of Reddish Brown Latosols includes laterization and podzolization. The Reddish Brown. Latosols are found in humid climates ranging from cool-temperate to the tropics or subtropics regions. Apparently dry and wet alternate seasons. are much favorable to the formation. There is no strict limit for the parent material being recorded the in past literature, but the parent materials is confessed by the 7th approximation of soil classification U. S. D. A. 1960. As Rhodochrults which have been called Reddish Brown Latosols are primarily basic igneous rocks. they grade into Typochrults which have been called Red-yellow podzolic soils if the parent rocks become less basic. The parent material of the Reddish Brown Latosois was also called the weathering residual product of the Pliocene and Miocene age
(22(2):77-97)THE CHARACTERISTICS AND GENESIS OF PADDY SOILS IN NORTHERN PART OF TAIWAN
No full text研究之範圍包括本省北部地區：臺北、宜蘭、桃園、新竹與苗栗五縣，選其重要類型水稻田土壤進行研究，目的在加深對該區水田土壤本身特徵之認識與瞭解，以為管理培肥及土壤分類之改進作參考。採集代表剖面12個，分析其理化性十三項目，結果以圖17種，表十個分別討論其特質及水稻土之生成，玆摘要如下：
1. 十二土壤剖面中有洗入及洗出層之生成者凡六土型，堪稱水稻土（Aquorizems)，餘六土型仍列入原土類，而以稻田形容其亞類；分類結果有三土類、六亞類、十一土系，十二土型，詳見表二；各剖面形態見表三。
2. 稻田土壤代表剖面各層次中細質地占大多數，中質地次之，粗質地垠少，見表四；水稻土六剖面中大部屬中質地，為其特點。
3. 各類型土壤之容積重在剖面深度之變化不一，見圖1至圖3，58分析樣本中平均容積重為1.55g/cc，最低未少於1.2g/cc，最高則超出1.8g/cc，見表七。
4. 表土孔度較高，平均46%，亞表土與底土相差至微，全部樣品中孔度最低為32%，圾高為55%，平均約為42%，見表八。
5. 水稻土六剖面之游離鐵及游離錳曲線，均顯示有由表土下移並積聚於亞表土，見圖4及圖5。
6. 各類型土壤之有效矽，在各該剖面層次之變化多趨向一致，見圖6a、7a、8a、及9a。至於各類型土壤之CEC，在該剖面層次之鑾化則趨向各異，見圖6b、7b、8b、及9b。
7. 土壤反應在各類型剖面中變化之型式，則水稻土均屬D型，見圖10a、10b，稻田灰粘土則四結坋壤土接近C型，見圖11a，城仔粘壤與下大掘坋粘土接近B型，見圖11a，稻田黃棕壤二土型亦類似B型，見圖11b。
8. 各類型土壤之平均C/N比率相差至微，最高與最低則超出三倍，總平均為6.8，見表九。剖面各層次顯示表土之比率平均較高，隨土層深度而愈減低，見表十。
9. 灰色水稻土與稻田黃棕壤之有機質，在其剖面中之變化曲線趨向尚一致，即自耕犁層急劇降低，至亞表土以下則緩慢減低，見圖12及圖14。灰棕色水稻土與稻田灰粘土諸代表曲線各異，見圖13及圖15。
10. X光繞射線分析見圖16，顯示四結坋壤土之五層次均有綠泥石與伊來石之存在，示差熱之分析結果見圖17，顯示柑園坋粘壤土有伊來石之存在，觀音坋粘土有少量高嶺石之存在。
11. 各類土壤受種植水稻之影響如下：a. 質地中等之土壤對水稻土之育成較易。b. 磚紅化土質地多偏於粕重，雖長期用為水稻田，除耕摯層外，仍多保存其原有特性。c. 灰粘土原係受高的地下水位影響所育成，水稻耕作對該土之影響不大。
This study includes the soils of paddy field of Taipei, I-lan, Taoyuan, Shinchu and Miaoli, the northern part of this province. The objective is to study the improvement of soil management, soil fertilization and soil classification in order to emphasize the reconi-zation and understanding of the soil proper characteristics of the paddy soils in Taiwan. Twelve soil profiles of representative soils according to their important patterns were sampled, and 13 items of the physico-chemical properties were analyzed. All the results are shown on appendix 1, 2 and 3. All the characters and the genesis of the 12 representative soils profiles are discussed in relation with 10 tables and 17 figures. It may be summaries as follow:
1. Six soil types may be classified as aquorizems by the development of their eluvial horizons and illuvial horizons. The other 6 soil types still belong to original soil groups and can be modified with “paddy” as sub-group. There are 3 great groups, 6 sub-groups, 11 soil series and 12 soil types based on the result of classification. It is shown on table 2, and the soil profile description is shown on table 3.
2. With all the soil sample studied fine texture occupies the largest proportion, moderate textured comes to the next and coarse textured soils the least, it is shown on table 4. It is rather special that most of the aquorizems are moderate in texture.
3. The changing pattern of soil bulk density with the soil depth in a given profile varies with different types of soil. It is shown on Fig. 1 to Fig. 3. The average bulk density of the 58 samples is l.55g/c.c., the lower limit is not less than l.2g/c.c. and the highest is over l.8g/c.c., it is shown on table 7.
4. The pore space of the surface soils is high showing on the 46% on the average the difference between sub-surface and the sub-soils is small. The lowest of the whole samples is 32%, the highest is 55% and the average is 42%, it is shown on table 8.
5. The distribution patterns of the free iron and free manganes of the six profils of aquo rizems show the accumulation of these elements in the sub-surface soil by leaching from surface soil as shown in Fig. 4 & 5.
6. The available silica content shows only slight changes as it goes down from surface to sub-soils as shown in Fig. 6a, 7a, 8a and 9a. On the contary, C.E.C. shows a great variation under the same conditions, it is shown in Fig. 6b, 7b, 8b, and 9b.
7. From the pH patterns of the soil profiles, it is concluded that the aquorizems belong to D types as shown in Fig.l0a and l0b. The Szu-chieh silty loam approaches C types as Fig. ha. The chengtze clay loam and Hsiatachu silty clay and the two soil types of the paddy yellowish brown latosols approaches B types as Fig. 11a and Fig. 11b.
8. The variation of the avcrage C/N ratio among the different soil types are very small, but variation of the sampling within a soil type is high. The grand average is 6.8, it is shown on table 9. The average ratio of surface soils is high and decreases with the depth of the profile, it is shown on table 10.
9. The organic matter content shows a rather uniform distrbution over the entire soil profile in the gray aquorizems and paddy yellowish brown latosols. It is found that the value decrease sudenly from plow lazer, but slowly after reaching sub-surface soil, it is shown in Fig. 12 and Fig. 14. The curves of the gray aqorizems and paddy gley soils are variant as Fig. 13 and Fig.15.
10. X-ray diffraction pattern is shown in Fig. 16, it shows that there is some chloride and illite in all of the 5 layers of the Szu-chieh silty loam. The results of D.T.A. is shown in Fig. 17, it shows that some illite is present in Kan-yuna silty clay loam and small amount of kaolinite is present in Kan-jin silty clay.
11. The influence of various great soil groups by rice planting is as follovng a) Aquoriz-ems was easier to be developed by the soils which are moderate in texture. b) The texture of latosols is mostly heavy, althogh it was used as paddy for a long time, but the original characters were still conserved except the plow layer. c) The gley soils were original developed by the effect of high ground water table, so the influeuce of these soils by rice planting is not great
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