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(15(2):20-25)柑桔黑星病之研究-I.病原菌侵入期之檢討
No full textThe presence of mature perithecia of Guignardia citricarpa were observed on old dead leaves of different citrus varieties in various localities of the island.
The results of field experiments including staggered spray of Difolatan W-80 and bagging fruits for various intervals after flowering reveals the fact that effective infection occurs in the early June and last for two months.
由於柑桔黑星病之有性世代（子囊殼），發現於不同地區不同柑桔品種之果園行將腐化之落葉上在，證明了該病原菌之有性世代存在於臺灣，並使年來未能解決的該病主要接種源問題得以澄清。
不同時間及次數之大富丹藥劑徹佈及紙袋套果試驗之結果，指出病原菌多數在六月初開始二個月之期間內侵入果實
(15(2):31-37)STUDIES ON POTATO VIRUSES 1. Maintenance of Virus X free Potatoes
No full text現時在臺灣中部栽培之馬鈴薯，以農林一號為主要品種。其對馬鈴薯 X 毒素病之感染性乃屬於健病混合羣，其感染率有時可達到100 %，若經嚴格田間檢定淘汰病株，並反復數次淘汰則可獲得全部無病植株。於中部不同來源種薯栽培示範區進行之利用血清方法田間檢定結果顯示田間馬鈴薯含X毒素率相當高。於當季（53年秋）來自日本種薯亦含有X毒素37.50%至90%之多，平均為68.50%，其他自留種之感染率以武陵薯最高89.8%，和平薯83.05%，春季薯為85.25%，冬季薯為86.02%。此批由日本新進口之種薯乃經日本農林省種薯繁殖場原原種及原種繁殖後移到採種圃由採種圃供給栽培者。於原原種及原種階段，近十年來皆用血清方法田間檢定並淘汰病株；於採種圃則利用肉眼淘汰毒素罹病株。雖然經過如此手續尚不能避免感染。但以肉眼可以觀察之毒素病，如捲葉病及縮葉病（包括漣葉病）之發生，日本薯很明鮮的少於其他來源之種薯。以塊莖為單位時，日本種薯為8.2%，和平薯14%，春季薯15.9%，武陵薯25.8%冬季薯最高為42.2%，影響收穫量很大。
The cultivation of Irisn potato in Taiwan is centered in the middle part of the island. Climate conditions at this part of the island in winter time are suitable for growing of potatoes. According to the Agricultural Year Book of 1965 edition, areas of 1,165.3 hectares out of the total potato producing areas of 1,305.55 hectares are located in this part. A Japanese variety, Norin No. 1 is the major variety of cultivation. The average yield per hectare is 12 metric tons, only half the yield of potato production in the European countries.
Since healthy table-stocks of local multiplication are not available, most tubers for planting are imported annully from Japan. It is necessary to self-supply healthy seed tubers in order to avoid possibly snaeking in of some plant viruses or strains of potato viruses new to this island. Toward the object of successful local multiplication of healthy seed tubers for sufficient fulfillment of demand, an attempt to obtain potato virus X (PVX) free seed-tubers had been made. Sero-logical methods was employed to examine the distribution of the virus, morever, for the field inspection and the roguing of infected plants.
In January, 1965, examinations of PVX distribution among the potato plants from seed tubers of Norin No. 1 of different origins was carried out at five loca-tions in the middle part of the island. The results showed that potato plants from seed-tubers newly imported from Japan are less infected by PVX than those from locally multiplied seed tubers. Average of 68.5% of newly imported tubers and 83.5% to 89.5% of locally multiplied tubers from different origins were infected by the virus.
Efforts had also been made to secure the source of PVX free seed-tubers by roguing infected plants. Field inspection for PVX by means of serological diag-nosis, mainly chloroplast. agglutination had been carried out three times at a upland branch of an Agricultural, Experimental Station located in the northern part of the island, where the elevation is 1,000 meters (3,280 feet). Only seventy one PVX free plants were obtained from 7,216 plants examined in the first trial. About 43% and 60% of tuber units were healthy in the second trial and third trial, respectively
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Studies On The Physiologic Races Of The Rice Blast Fungus, Piricularia Oryzae Cav. Part I
No full text1) Nineteen races of Piricularia oryzae Cay., were characterized from 293 isolates of the blast fungus obtained during 1964-1966. Among them., 17 races representing 259 isolates-showed the pathogenic patterns which had already been detected. The two newly chara eterized races (races 26 and 27) showed T race group patterns. Race 24 was the most prevalent race in 1964, being encountered 64 times. Another prevalent races of the period were races 17, 2, 3, 26, and 21.
2) Nine isolates representing six U.S. races and eleven isolates representing eight Japanese races were tested for their pathogenicity on the Taiwan differentials. Among the 16 Taiwan differentials, indica type varieties seemed more valuable as the differentials for the U.S. races than the japonica type varieties. Isolates of the same Japanese races did not give identical reactions on the Taiwan differentials. The pathogenic patterns on the Taiwan differentials, induced by Japanese race C-1 (Ken 60-19), N-1 (Hoku 373), N¡X4 (Ina-168) and N¡XS (Naga 61-14) were identical to those by Taiwan race 23, 22, 24 and 26, respectively
(17(1):30-34)Laboratory And Field Evaluations Of Fungicides For Control Of Citrus Scab
No full text六供試藥劑中，阻止柑桔瘡痂病病原菌產生胞子之效果，以大富丹（Difolatan）為最優，其次為穀仁生（Gurasun）及大生M-45（Dithane M-45）。富爾培（Phaltan）再次之，大生Z-78（Dithane Z-78）及雷彈又更次之。
在田間撒佈試驗中，以大富丹1.25 kg./100 l.、雷彈2.5 kg./100 l.及大生Z-78 2.5kg./100 1.之效果為最佳。大富丹2.5kg./100 1.、大生M-45 2.5kg./100 1.及雷彈1.25 kg./100 1.次之。大生Z-78 1.25kg./100 1.、大生M-45 1.25kg./100 1.及富爾培2.5kg./100 1.和1.25kg./100 l.又次之。穀仁生之效果不穩定。
供試藥劑中，大富丹於室內及田間試驗皆為最優良之藥劑。穀仁生在室內試驗阻止胞子之效果甚為良好，但在田間試驗則甚不穩定。雷彈於室內試驗之結果不理想，但在田間試驗則顯示良好之防病效果。
In testing inhibitory effects of fungicides on sporulation of the scab causal fungus, six fungicides at the different dosage rates were incorporated into agar plates on which sections of diseased tissue were inoculated. Difolatan W-80 gave the best inhibitory effect. It inhibited nearly 90% sporulation of the fungus at the concentration as low as 3.125 ppm. Gurasun and Dithane M-45 showed the same inhibitory effect at the concent-ration of 12.5 ppm. The minimum concentrations for Phaltan and Delan to show the same inhibitory effect were 50 ppm and 200 ppm respectively. Dithane Z-78 at the conce-ntration of 50 ppm inhibited 69.4% sporulation of the fungus, it gave 100% inhibition at the concentration of 200 ppm.
Six fungicides were evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling citrus scab at three orchards in the different areas. Difolatan at the rate of 1.25 kg. /100 l., Delan at 2.5 kg./100 1., and Dithane Z-78 at 2.5 kg. / 100 1. gave the best control for citrus scab. Difolatan at the rate of 2.5 kg./100 1., Dithane M-45 at 2.5 kg./100 1., and Delan at 1.25 kg. /100 1. were less effective than foregoing treatments. Only fair control was obtained with Dithane Z-78 at the rate of 1.25 kg. /100 1., with Dithane M-45 at 1.25 kg. /100 1., and with Phaltan at 1.25 kg. /100 1. and at 2.5 kg.J 100 1.
Difolatan W-80 at the rate of 1.25 kg./100 1. or Delan at 2.5 kg./100 1. applied at times of new flushes, petal falling, and three weeks after second application is being recommend-ded for citrus scab control
(10(1):35-40)SOYBEAN SPRAYING EXPERIMENT FOR RUST DISEASE CONTROL
No full text本省大豆栽培事業年來由於農藝學者之研院及有關當局之倡導故栽培面積日趨廣大，為配合此項工作著者等曾於四十八年從事大豆病害調查，經獲悉若干病害甚為普遍流行，其中影響產量最大者，首推銹病，復據調查終果，目前在本省各地推廣之品種均遭感染，故於四十八年開始分別在花蓮屏東等地進行藥劑防治試驗，本試驗目的在於檢討供試藥劑之防病效果，適當撒藥時期及防治處理與大豆產量之影響。本試驗承蒙農復會惠予資助，使此項工作得能順利完成。本文先就花蓮區試驗結果作分析討論，試驗期中荷蒙花蓮區農業改良場許兩順先生鼎力協助，於此謹詰 謝忱。
Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora Pachyrhizi SYDOW is one of the destructive disease found throughout the growing areas. A spraying experiment for the disease control was conducted at Hwa Lien Experiment Station from 1959 to 1960 including three crops of soybean i.e. fall, spring and summer.
The purpose of the experiment is to determine the possible control with fungicides and their effectiveness as well as the timing of spray.
The fungicides used for this experiment were Ditliane M-22, Dithane Z-78, Dithane
Z-78 plus Wettable sulfur, 0-3818-B and Bordeaux, mixture which were applied at 7 days interval. A total of 5 applications of each testing fungicides were taken during the growing period. The first application varied differently wih the number of days after plantihg; they werethe 28th, 35th, 42th, and 49th respectively . Evidences indi - cated that the disease was well checked by either one of the fungidide which has been tested. The profitable time of the first spraying to control rust disease depended upon different crop of soybean. For protection of the spring crop, the first spraying should be initiated at the 35th day, but it is advisable to initiate the spraying program at the 49th day for both summer and fall crops. Yields of the crop were prominently increased except the fall crop which was insigniflcant because the weather was the limitting factor upon yields.
Among the testing fungicides, Dithane M-22 showed best effect to control rust disease while Dithane Z-78, Dithane Z-78 plus Wettable sulfur, Bordeaux mixture came next in order. 0-3818-B a new fungicide produced by Rohm & Haas Co., at the rate of 200 grams per 100 liters has its advantage of rust control, but it produced chemical injuries to the leaves after application. The phytotoxicity tended more serious as the rate of the chemical increased. For the best control soybean rust, it is suggested to apply either Dithane M-22 or Dithane Z-78 at the rate of 300 grams per 100 liters of water
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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