30 research outputs found
The potential of biological sludge amended combustion coal ash residues as artificial plant growth media : a laboratory column study to assess the influence of weathering on elemental release
Get PDFDissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012.Sasol biological sludge, coal fine and gasification ash were the three waste streams involved in this study. The main concern is that on their own they are not suitable as growth mediums, the ash is alkaline (pH>12) with high salinity (total dissolved solids of 8000 mg ℓ-1). Fine ash is microporous (particle size diameter K>Ca>Mg>P on mmol kg-1 but the introduction of sludge at a lower content limit of 10% changed the abundance of the elements as follows; P>Mg>Ca>Na>K on mmol kg-1. Sludge content as low as 10% reduced the pH of the mixtures to between 7.6 and 8 and EC to less than 400 mSm-1. However, increasing sludge to 50% increased the leachate EC dramatically and kept the EC high (415 mSm-1) till the end. Introduction of sludge at a low limit of 10 % content increased the CEC above 8 cmolc kg-1. The effects of fine ash on the water holding capacity of the mixtures were seen at the 10 % level, for example, mixture 13 with 10% fine ash had 0.3 mg kg-1, while mixture 12 with 0% fine ash had 0.27 mg kg-1. Increasing fine ash content above 40% increased pozzalanic properties, pH (>8), EC (>400 mSm-1), Na release and reduced CEC.Gasification ash is the biggest waste stream and utilizing these wastes as growth media will mean that it realistically will always dominate these mixtures. This study showed that on its own it will be a challenging environment. However, the amendent with sludge and fine ash resulted in some chemically and physically favourable changes in these media. It can be concluded that the main objective has been achieved and bio assay evalution of theses mixtures is recommended CopyrightPlant Production and Soil Scienceunrestricte
Efektifitas Fortifikasi Mie Instan Dengan Zat Besi Dan Vitamin a Terhadap Peningkatan Kadar Hb Dan Feritin Serum Ibu Hamil
Get PDFTelah dilakukan penelitian "Dampak Fortifikasi Mie Instan Dengan Zat besi dan Vitamin A terhadap Status Besi dan Status Vitamin A Anak Balita dan Ibu Hamil". Penelitian dilakukan di 5 desa wilayah kerja Puskesmas Cijedil, Kecamatan Cugenang dan 5 desa wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kademangan Mande, Kabupaten Cianjur. Rancangan penelitian adalah "Kuasi Eksperimental". Subyek penelitian adalah ibu hamil trimester I dan II (Umur kehamilan 3-6 bulan). Besar sampel ibu hamil adalah 185 orang, terdiri dari kelompok perlakuan (95 orang) dan kelompok pembanding (90 orang). Kelompok perlakuan mendapat mie instan yang telah difortifikasi dengan zat besi sebesar 10 mg dan vitamin A 2500 I.U. per 100 g. Sedangkan kelompok pembanding mendapatkan mie instan yang biasa dipasarkan mengandung zat besi sebesar 3 mg dan vitami A 1500 I.U. per 100 g. Pemberian mie instan tiga kali seminggu, berlangsung selama 14 minggu, diselenggarakan di pos-pos pemasakan/Posyandu, sisa mie yang tidak dimakan ditimbang dan dicatat. Rataan berat mie instan yang dikonsumsi ibu hamil sebesar 35 gr per hari, dapat memberikan sumbangan zat besi sebesar 3.5 mg dan vitamin A 875 I.U. pada kelompok perlakuan. Sedangkan pada kelompok pembanding memberikan sumbangan zat besi sebesar 1.05 mg dan vitamin A 525 I.U. Terjadi kenaikan kadar Hb secara bermakna (p<0.05) pada ibu hamil kelompok perlakuan sebesar 0.47 g/dl (dari 11.3 ± 1.14 g/dl menjadi 11.8 ± 1.04 g/dl). Pada kelompok pembanding terjadi penurunan nilai Hb sebesar 0.07 g/dl, tetapi tidak nyata. Prevalensi anemia ibu-ibu hamil kelompok perlakuan setelah intervensi turun dari 48.5% menjadi 43.3%, sedangkan pada kelompok pembanding naik dari 46.7% menjadi 56.8%. Secara statistik terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (p<0.05) antara penurunan prevalensi anemia pada kelompok perlakuan dan kenaikan prevalensi anemia pada kelompok pembanding. Terjadi penurunan kadar feritin serum secara bermakna (p<0.05) pada ibu-ibu hamil kelompok pembanding (4.4 ug/l). Pada ibu-ibu kelompok perlakuan terjadi sedikit kenaikan kadar feritin dalam serum sebesar 0.43 ug/l. Ada perbedaan yang nyata (p<0.05) antara kenaikan feritin kelompok perlakuan dan penurunan kadar feritin kelompok pembanding. Fortifikasi zat besi dan vitamin A pada mie instan dengan dosis 10 mg dan 2500 I.U. per 100 gram mie memberikan dampak positif terhadap kadar Hb dan dapat mempertahankan cadangan besi untuk konpensasi kebutuhan selama hamil
Status Besi Dan Status Anemia Pengguna Dan Bukan Pengguna Jambu Tambah Darah
Get PDFTelah dilakukan penelitian tentang Khasiat Jamu Tambah Darah terhadap status besi dan status anemia pekerja wanita di duaa pabrik tekstil dan satu pabrik bola lampu di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Subyek teerdiri dari tiga kelompok: 100 orang pengguna jamu tambah darah (TD), 98 orang pengguna jamu lain (JL), dan 97 orang bukan pengguna jamu sebagai kelompok kontrol (K). Keadaan sosial ekonomi dan konsumsi makanan tidak berbeda nyata antar kelompok. Demikian pula rata-rata berat badan dan tinggi badan antar kelompok subyek. Rata-rata kadar Hb masing-masing kelompok berturut-turut 12.4, 11.9 g dan 12.1 g/dl, untuk kelompok TD, JL dan K; perbedaan ini tidak berbeda nyata secara statistik. Pada kelompok TD, JL dan K terdapat masng-masing 12.0%, 16.5% dan 16.5% subyek yang berstatus feritin rendah. Rata-rata kadar besi serum, berturut-turut 72.2 ug, 70.1 ug dan 64.7 ug/dl masing-masing untuk kelompok TD, JL dan K. Rata-rata kadar besi serum kelompok TD berbeda nyata dengan kelompok JL maupun K; tetapi tidak berbeda nyata antara kelompok JL dengan kelompok K. Subyek yang berstatus besi rendah masing-masing 14.4%, 21.1% dan 26.6% pada kelompok TD, JL dan K yang berbeda nyata hanya antar kelompok TD dan K. Mengkonsumsi jamu tambah darah dapat mengangkat kadar HB dan status anemia, tetapi belum menunjukkan dampak yang nyata terhadap penurunan anemia
EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN KAPSUL IODIUM DOSIS TINGGI TERHADAP STATUS IODIUM WANITA USIA SUBUR (WUS) YANG MENGKONSUMSI BAHAN MAKANAN SUMBER SIANIDA TINGGI
No full textTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL HIGH DOSE IODINE SUPPLEMENTATION TO IODINE STATUS OF CHILDBEARING AGE WOMEN CONSUMING OF FOOD HIGH IN CYANIDE CONTENT.Background: It was reported by Iodine Deficiency Disorder Research Institute of Ministry of Health that prevalence of childbearing age women (CBAW) with abnormal of serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) value in Magelang district was around 23%, while Urine Iodine Excretion (UIE) considered normal (112 πg/L). The average of cyanide content of daily food consumed was 29.4 mg/day. These findings indicated that there was a relationship between cyanide consumed and Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD). As one of goitrogenic agents, cyanide inhibited Iodide (I) entering into thyroid cells, further more disturbed process of thyroid hormone (T4 and TSH) synthesis. Objectives: To investigate the effect of the supplementation of high dose Iodine by oral (capsules) to iodine status of childbearing age women consuming foods high cyanide in IDD endemic area. Methods: The study design was "intervention with quasi experiment trial". The study sites covered two sub-district, namely Srumbung and Salam sub-district of Magelang district of Central Java. A total of 80 CBAW (19-45 years old) consuming high intake of cyanide were randomly taken as treatment group and another 80 CBAW with low intake of cyanide as control group. Data collection was conducted before and after supplementation of iodine capsules (200 mg). Each subject received two capsules and was evaluated 6 months later. Data collected were cyanide content of daily food consumed, serum TSH, urine thiocyanate and urine iodine excretion as well. Results: The baseline data showed that no significant difference In the UIE between group I (CBAW high intake of cyanide) (99 ng/L) and group II, those of consuming low intake of cyanide (103.5 ng/L). After one month intervention the UIE of both groups increased significantly, group I = 311 ng/L and group II = 339 ng/L. After 6 months intervention the UIE of both groups still considered high, group I= 291 ng/L and group II = 315 ng/L. The proportion of CBAW with low status of iodine (based on TSH value > 5 nJ/L) for group I decreased to 6.3%, while for group II no changes. The effectiveness of high dose iodine supplementation to iodine status of CBAW with high intake of cyanide was slightly lower than those with low intake of cyanide (70 vs 100). Conclusions: Neither difference effect of high dose iodine supplementation to iodine status of childbearing age women with high intake of cyanide nor to those with low intake of cyanide. Keywords: effectiveness, high dose, supplementation, iodine status, childbearing age women, cyanide, Urine Iodine Excretion, thyroid hormone.
HUBUNGAN PENGGUNAAN KONTRASEPSI HORMONAL DENGAN NILAI TSH DAN T4 PADA WANITA PASANGAN USIA SUBUR DI DAERAH ENDEMI GONDOK
No full textTHE RELATIONSHIP OF HORMONAL CONTRASEPTION WITH SERUM THYROID STIMULATING HORMON (TSH) AND THYROXIN (T4) OF MARRIED WOMAN IN ENDEMIC GOITER AREA.Background: Family planning program has been practiced, not only in urban but also in rural area, including remote villages in mountainous area where sometimes were also recognized as endemic goiter area. There are findings from several studies related to the effect of using hormonal contraception to the thyroid gland function. It was recomendation to study the relationship of using hormonal contraception with serum TSH and T4 of married woman. Methods: A Case control study was conducted among married woman (20-40 years old) in IDD enamic area of Sawangan Magelang district, Central Java. There groups of married women aged 20-40 years were selected of this study (38 women for each group) as follows: Group A women using contraception (pill), group B using injection and group C using non hormonal contraception (IUD, condom or sterilization). Results: The median value of serum TSH for group A and B (1,6 µU/ml), while group C were 1.7 µU/ml. The median value of serum T4 for group A, group Band C were 8,7 µg/dl, 8,3 µg/dl and 6.9 µU/ml respectively. The median value of urine excretion (UIE) for group A, group B and group C were 159 µg/L, 199 µg/L and 163 µg/L respectively. Conclutions: There were no significant differance of serum TSH among three groups. Serum T4 of group A and group B were significantly higher than that of group C.
Hubungan Kadar Enzym Kholinesterase Dengan Kadar Hormon Thyroid Pada Wus Di Daerah Gondok Endemik
Get PDFThe Relationship Between Cholinesterase Enzym and Iodine Status of Child Bearing Age Woman (CBAW) In The Endemic Goitre Area.Background: Pesticide as a pollutant substance is a goitrogenic agent. It can form a strong complex bound with iodine in the body. Women who ive in the endemic goiter, area where the iodine source in the nature is limited and frequently exposed by pesticide, can increase the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorder (IDD).Objectives: To find out the relationship between cholinesterase enzyme concentration (as an indicator of pesticide exposure in the body) and iodine status of women in the endemic goiter area.Methods: The study was conducted in Pakis sub district, Magelang Regency, Central Java on July to November 2005. The design of the research was "cross-sectional" study. Samples were 265 women of child bearing age (17-35 years old). The data collected were concentration of free T4 (FT4) , cholinesterase enzyme in plasma, intake of cyanide originated from food, concentration of urine iodine excretion (UIE), type of contraception used and nutritional status. The concentration of serum FT4 were divided into two group (< 0.79 ng/gL = low > nonnal). These data were analyzed by using chi-square test with odd ratio at 95% CL. Association between independent and dependent variables by controlling other variable were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.Results: Pesticides that frequently used in the area of study was Organophosphate and Carbamat The pesticide residue on raw vegetables was Carbofuran. Its concentration was 0.056 to 55.65 mg/kg. The highest residues was found in cabbage and it had exceeded the maximum limit of permitted residue. The pesticide residue of cooked vegetables was very low. Low concentration of cholinesterase enzyme (< 3600 U/L) was found in 3.8% women. More than 29% had low iodine status. Logistic regression analysis showed that women exposed to pesticide had 33 fold greater risk for IDD than that of without any pesticide exposure.Conclusions: The highest concentration of pesticide residue was obtained on raw cabbage and raw mustard green. It ranged from 2 to 10 times of maximum limit permitted residue according to Ministry of Health. Percentage of women who exposed by pesticide (carbamat) was 3.8%. It was showed that 29.3% of woman has low iodine status. Women exposed to pesticide had 100 risk 33 fold greater than that without any cyanide exposure.Suggestions: To minimize the hazardous effect of pesticide on health, it is suggested that the vegetables should be cooked property before consuming. It is necessary to do further research by takilg account the effect of cyanide air pollution inhaled besides cyanide from food. The more intensive control of using pesticide needs to be doneperiodically
Nekateri -ō- primeri: -eu- v slovanskem jeziku
No full textIm slavistischen so wie auch im komparativen linguistischen Schrifttum habe ich bisher keinen Hinweis darauf finden können, dass die in den balti schen Sprachen sehr häufig vorkommende Ablautalternierung -ō- in der Reihe der u-D.iphtonge auch im Slavischen möglich ist. Diese Erscheinung ist kein spezifisch baltisches Merkmal, wie die früheren Linguisten gedacht haben. So behaupten H. Hirt und H. Arntz in den »Hauptproblemen der indogermanischen Sprachwissenschaft«, auf Seite 146, dass der Ablaut -ō- : -eu- viel häufiger vorkommt, als gemeinhin gedacht wird. Eine Reihe von Beispielen wird auch von H. Hirt in der Indogermanischen Grammatik II, auf Seite 64 ange- . geben. Doch befindet sich darunter kein slaV\u27isches Material. Selbstredend ist dieser Ablaut im Litauischen und Lettischen weit produktiver als in anderen indoeuropäischen Sprachen.Prevojno razmerje -ō- : -eu-, ki je pogostno v baltskih jezikih, doslej še ni bilo opaženo v slovanskih. Vendar je tudi v slovanskih jezikih nekaj primerov, ki jih je težko pojasniti na drug način. Tako sln. dial sasiti »strašiti, bati se« in mak. Saska »vznemirjati« proti lit. suōsti »vznemirjati, obteževati«, kar razlagajo kot prevoj k lit. sausas »suh«, slov. such. Morda spada zraven tudi rastlinsko ime sbh. sasa, č. sasanka »Anemone«. Tudi sln. rahel, rahliti, rahljati, rašiti v primerjavi z r. ruchlyj in rychlyj v istem pomenu ne moremo izvajati iz *rch-, ampak le iz *rōkso-, prim. lit. ruōsti »pripravljati, urejati, truditi se«. Pri sln. zdrásati, zdráhati »razvezati, razgaliti« imamo opraviti z vrinjenim -d- in lahko izhajamo iz *rōs- : *rōks-. Sln. jášek »rov« z razvito besedno družino izvajajo iz stvn. ase, r. jaščik pa iz nord. askr. Oboje je fonetično in semantično mogoče uskladiti z lit. úoksas »votlina, odprtina« poleg stprus. austo >>Usta«. Pri tem je zanimiva sematična zveza med sln. dial jačke »lakotnice« in lot. uoksts »votlina med kolki« in med sln. jaškica »cvetni vratič« in lit. uokstai »čebela nabiralka«. Manj jasno je sln. zasáčiti »zalotiti, ujeti«, r. prosák »naprava za sukanje vrvi«, popást v prosák »priti v škripce« in lit. suōkti »prisiliti, primorati«, proti lit. Saukti zateglo peti (= zavijati) in sùkti »sukati«. Tudi rekonstruirano izhodno sln. *dabra »deber« se ujema z lit. duobē »jama, jarek«. Najdemo pa tudi nekaj slovanskih primerov prevoja -ō- proti -ei-, ki pa nimajo baltskih pararel. Tako sln. pozad »Ognjišče« iz *zōd- poleg zid »ognjišče«. Tudi sbh. lēō »hočem« iz atem. *Zeimi, gr. Zeč »hočem« je mogoče razložiti na isti način. Mogoče je tudi misliti na isto izhodišče pri slov. snaga in nega, kjer lotiške dublete in in pomeni dovoljujejo rekonstrukcijo *snōg- : *(s)noig-
Multi-centred mixed-methods PEPFAR HIV care & support public health evaluation: study protocol.
Get PDFBACKGROUND: A public health response is essential to meet the multidimensional needs of patients and families affected by HIV disease in sub-Saharan Africa. In order to appraise current provision of HIV care and support in East Africa, and to provide evidence-based direction to future care programming, and Public Health Evaluation was commissioned by the PEPFAR programme of the US Government. METHODS/DESIGN: This paper described the 2-Phase international mixed methods study protocol utilising longitudinal outcome measurement, surveys, patient and family qualitative interviews and focus groups, staff qualitative interviews, health economics and document analysis. Aim 1) To describe the nature and scope of HIV care and support in two African countries, including the types of facilities available, clients seen, and availability of specific components of care [Study Phase 1]. Aim 2) To determine patient health outcomes over time and principle cost drivers [Study Phase 2]. The study objectives are as follows. 1) To undertake a cross-sectional survey of service configuration and activity by sampling 10% of the facilities being funded by PEPFAR to provide HIV care and support in Kenya and Uganda (Phase 1) in order to describe care currently provided, including pharmacy drug reviews to determine availability and supply of essential drugs in HIV management. 2) To conduct patient focus group discussions at each of these (Phase 1) to determine care received. 3) To undertake a longitudinal prospective study of 1200 patients who are newly diagnosed with HIV or patients with HIV who present with a new problem attending PEPFAR care and support services. Data collection includes self-reported quality of life, core palliative outcomes and components of care received (Phase 2). 4) To conduct qualitative interviews with staff, patients and carers in order to explore and understand service issues and care provision in more depth (Phase 2). 5) To undertake document analysis to appraise the clinical care procedures at each facility (Phase 2). 6) To determine principle cost drivers including staff, overhead and laboratory costs (Phase 2). DISCUSSION: This novel mixed methods protocol will permit transparent presentation of subsequent dataset results publication, and offers a substantive model of protocol design to measure and integrate key activities and outcomes that underpin a public health approach to disease management in a low-income setting
KESTABILAN IODIUM DALAM GARAM PADA BERBAGAI TIPE DAN RESEP MASAKAN
No full textDalam jangka panjang fortifikasi garam dianggap cara yang paling tepat guna dan ekonomis untuk menanggulangi masalah kekurangan iodium. Dalam kaitan tersebut perlu diketahui kestabilan iodium dalam garam yang ditambahkan kedalam masakan dari berbagai tipe dan resep di tingkat lapangan. Sampel berupa masakan yang berasal dari 6 kota di 6 provinsi di Indonesia, banyak dikonsumsi dan dijual di tempat yang banyak dikunjungi orang. Penentuan sampel masakan dilakukan setelah pengujian garam yang digunakan dengan menggunakan pereaksi Iodinatest buatan Indofarma. Bila setelah penambahan pereaksi pada garam timbul warna ungu menandakan bahwa garam tersebut mengandung iodium, masakan ituu kemudian ditetapkan sebagai sampel. Jumlah garam yang ditambahkan diketahui dari wawancara dengan penjual makanan tersebut. Jumlah iodium dalam garam yang ditambahkan kedalam masakan diketahui setelah dilakukan analisis garam di laboratorium. Dari iodium yang tersisa dalam makanan dapat dihitung jumlah iodium yang hilang. Dibuat pula beberapa masakan serupa dengan menggunakan resep asli di laboratorium (simulasi). Pelepasan iodium dari makanan dilakukan melalui dua tahap yaitu digestasi kering lalu dilanjutkan dengan digestasi cara basah. Penetapan iodium dilakukan dengan reaksi "Sandell Kolthoff'. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah iodium yang tersisa pada umumnya amat rendab (dibawah 50 ug/100 gram masakan). Tiap jenis masakan bervariasi dalam keasaman, jenis dan jumlah bumbu yang ditambahkan. Iodium yang rusak/hilang dari masakan tipe asam yang dimasak atau tidak dimasak (contoh kuah empek-empek atau asinan) sekitar 60-85%, dari masakan bersantan tapi dimasak tidak lama (contoh soto santan) sekitar 40-50%, dari masakan bersantan dikeringkan (contoh rendang) sekitar 60-70%, dari masakan yang digoreng (contoh sambal hijau) sekitar 45-60%, dari masakan yang diolah tidak lama (contoh sayur tettu, rujak cingur) sekitar 40-50%, sedangkan dari masakan yang dimasak lebih dari 10 jam (contoh gudeg) sekitar 60-68%. Rata-rata iodium yang hilang dari beberapa masakan yang dibuat di laboratorium (simulasi) yaitu rendang, sambal cabe hijau, kuah empek-empek, gudeg, sayur asam dan asinan masing-masing adalah 75%, 62%, 68%, 70%, 61%, dan 80%
A survey of the prevalence and burden of pain and symptoms amongst HIV positive patients attending HIV treatment clinics in the University of the Witwatersrand Academic Hospital clinics
No full textThis study was designed to measure the symptom prevalence and symptom burden amongst patients attending three HIV treatment clinics in greater Johannesburg, and to assess the relationship of these to CD4 count, viral load, WHO stage, functional status and HAART. Patients at the three clinics were invited, using convenience sampling, to participate in completing the interviewer administered Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form (MSAS-SF) which assesses the 7 day prevalence and distress for 28 physical symptoms and prevalence and frequency of four psychological symptoms. Demographic and clinical data, including initial and latest CD4 counts, initial and latest viral loads and information on HAART use, were collected from the participants and from their clinic files
