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Milla Luodonpää-Manni, Esa Penttilä & Johanna Viimaranta. 2017. Empirical approaches to cognitive linguistics: Analyzing real-life data. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Pp. 350. [Book review]
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Polish verbal aspect and its Finnish statistical correlates in the light of a parallel corpus
Get PDFThe objective of this contrastive research is (1) to determine the rules of correlation between the language-specific category Polish Verbal Aspect (PVA) and the elements of Finnish clause, whilst (2) re-examining the semantic scope of
PVA, and (3) improving the definition of the cross-linguistically valid comparative
concept of aspectuality.
The investigation is empirical, and based on 900 Polish-Finnish clauses compiled
in the form of a bidirectional parallel corpus stratified in three samples according
to text types. The corpus is annotated on three levels, following the scalar model of temporality: the morphosyntactic and semantic clause-internal levels, as well as the clause-external level, including such elements as taxis and the quantificational-pragmatic context, temporally located (existentially quantified) situation, and generic or generalising interpretation (universal quantification).
The reasoning in the study is mostly inductive. In contrast to the previous
studies on aspect, the work is organised bottom-up. The data is approached quantitatively, using state-of-the-art methods. First, the descriptive statistics of temporal markers in the corpus are discussed. Afterwards, the data is summarised in a statistical model and visualised in a hierarchical cluster structure. Particularly interesting correlations (e.g. tense-aspect or case-aspect) are further validated with the random-forests method.
The quantitative results yield a two-layered model of aspectuality, distinguishing
between two levels: the outer, temporal-deictic level and the inner level related
to the notion of change in time. Thus, the study confirms the validity of
multi-layered concepts of aspectuality as previously postulated.
As to language-specific results, PVA correlates with Polish and Finnish tenses
within the outer, temporal-deictic layer. This interaction involves the third element
– temporal quantification. The inner layer is realised in Finnish in the
predicate-argument structure, and therefore, the Finnish argument case-marking
is the closest correlate of PVA. Here the most important systematic opposition
are between the lative and essive semantic cases (including Translative and Essive), and between the Total and Partitive type of object. The notion of change
which is the semantically relevant factor is treated as gradable opposition (next
to the traditionally used polar and equipollent oppositions), and therefore, the formal comparison between PVA and Finnish differential object marking is possible within the scalar description.
The Finnish derivational valency modifiers (transtivisers and detransitivisers),
however, do not seem to play any significant role in the marking of aspectual
oppositions. Neither do lexical temporal expressions play much role here, as their
generally low frequency does not deviate from the frequency of Polish expressions of that kind. In particular, the study shows that the measure adverbials in the object cases are quite infrequent in language use. Therefore, their contribution in expressing aspect is marginal.Väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan puolan verbiaspektin vastineita suomessa sekä puolan aspektin semanttista ulottuvuutta. Empiirisen tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu 900 puolalais-suomalaisesta virkeparista, jotka muodostavat kaksisuuntaisen rinnakkaiskorpuksen. Virkeet jakautuvat kolmeen ryhmään tekstilajin mukaan: kaunokirjallisuus, tiedottavat tekstit ja puheenvuoroiksi suunnitellut tekstit. Korpus on annototoitu virkeen sisätasolla morfosyntaktisesti, syntaktisesti ja semanttisesti sekä virkeen ulkotasolla taksiksen ja pragmaattis-kvantifioivan kontekstin mukaan.
Aineistoa on lähestytty tilastollisesti, ja siitä on analysoitu kielellisten piirteiden jakaumia. Keskeisten kielipiirteiden pohjalta on rakennettu tilastollinen malli, jota visualisoidaan hierarkkisella klusteripuulla. Kiinnostavimpia suhteita (tempus–aspekti, sija–aspekti) on tutkittu myös Breimanin random forest menetelmällä, jolla on varmistettu korrelaatioiden relevanssi.
Tulosten pohjalta voidaan rakentaa kaksitasoinen aspektuaalisuuden malli, jossa ulompi taso on temporaalis-deiktinen ja sisätaso pohjautuu semanttiseen piirteeseen ”ajassa tapahtuva muutos”. Tämä vahvistaa aikaisemmassa kirjallisuudessa esitettyjä kaksitasoisia malleja. Tutkimus osoittaa myös, että ajassa tapahtuvan muutoksen voi käsittää graduaalisena ilmiönä, minkä ansiosta puolan verbiaspektia ja suomen objektin sijavaihtelua voi verrata käyttämällä skaaloja.
Tutkimus osoittaa, että ulkotasolla suomen tempus on puolan verbiaspektille läheisin kategoria. Tämä ei kuitenkaan ole suora korrelaatio, vaan siihen vaikuttaa ajallinen kvantifiointi. Aspektin sisätasolla puolan aspektin vastineeksi voidaan katsoa suomen argumenttirakenteessa käytettävät sijat. Laajalti tutkitun objektin sijaopposition lisäksi relevantiksi aspektin vastineeksi osoittautuu myös vähemmän tarkasteltu latiivin ja essiivin oppositio. Suorana aspektin vastineena suomi ei käytä leksikaalisia ajan adverbiaaleja, kuten usein kirjallisuudessa mainittua OSMAa. Liitepartikkeleita ei niiden matalan frekvenssin vuoksi voitu tarkastella aspektin systemaattisina vastineina.ei saavutettav
Milla Luodonpää-Manni, Esa Penttilä & Johanna Viimaranta (eds.). 2017. Empirical approaches to cognitive linguistics: Analyzing real-life data
Get PDFDeeply embedded clauses in Finno-Ugric: A pilot study on Estonian and Moksha Mordvin
Get PDFComplex sentences often contain clauses embedded in clauses that themselves are embedded. The properties of such deeply embedded clauses (DECs) and their relations to other parts of the sentence are poorly studied. We address this research gap by studying printed text material from two structurally different Finno-Ugric languages: Estonian and Moksha Mordvin. We investigate the relationship between embedding depth and the type of the embedded clause, its position relative to the superordinate clause and its temporal reference. Combining these variables, we observe associations between specific depths (first-, second-, third-order embedding), clause types (complement, relative, adverbial), positions (left-, right-, center-embedding), and temporal reference (absolute, relative). We show that DECs are not entirely identical with first-order embeddings, i.e., that embedding depth is a factor influencing the grammar of subordinate clauses and conclude that assessing DECs is crucial to the description of clausal subordination in a language
Web corpora - the best possible solution for tracking rare phenomena in underresourced languages: clitics in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian
Get PDFComplex linguistic phenomena, such as Clitic Climbing in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian, are often described intuitively, only from the perspective of the main tendency. In this paper, we argue that web corpora currently offer the best source of empirical material for studying Clitic Climbing in BCS. They thus allow the most accurate description of this phenomenon, as less frequent constructions can be tracked only in big, well-annotated data sources. We compare the properties of web corpora for BCS with traditional sources and give examples of studies on CC based on web corpora. Furthermore, we discuss problems related to web corpora and suggest some improvements for the future
Clitic climbing and stacked infinitives in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian : A corpus-driven study
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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