336 research outputs found
Circumstances of the unification of Lithuanian anti-soviet partisans during 1946–1949.
No full textIn 2019 comes the 70th anniversary of the founding of LLKS – the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters (Lietuvos Laisvės Kovos Sąjūdi).This underground organization had been founded in February of 1949. It united the people, who had been fighting against the Soviet power in Lithuania. Heads of the LLKS were active partisans and they called themselves freedom fighters. In the same time, other people called partisans 'forest men', 'greens' etc. The main purpose of this article – to consider the process of unification of the forces of Lithuanian partisans under unified command and to highlight the main circumstances of this process. The article is based on the archival materials and modern research writings. So far, very few research papers about Lithuanian anti-Soviet struggle have been published outside Lithuania. That's why one of the goals of the author – to provide the information about this episode of the modern history of Lithuania to Ukrainian readers. Perhaps, the similarity with Ukrainian national insurgent movement during the 2nd World War will be found. The final ambition of the armed struggle of Lithuanian partisans was the creation of free democratic Lithuania. Partisans considered the mistakes of Lithuanian state-building during the interwar period, such as authoritarian regime and weak social politics. Freedom fighters hoped to get help from the West countries – Great Britain of the USA – through the mediation of Lithuanian emigrants. The unification of partisans was difficult because of the activity of infiltrated Soviet security agents. The chronological framework of the article covers the period of 1946–1949, when where held the main events of the unification of partisans. Active partisan struggle against the Soviet in Lithuania power lasted to 1953. Key words: Lithuania, partisans, Jonas Zemiatis, anti-Soviet struggle, LLKS
Tendencies of Waiting for War in Lithuania in 1945–1953.
No full textThe article comprehensively analyses the tendencies of waiting for war in Lithuania in 1945-1953, showing the influence of the experience of waiting for war in 1940-1944 on later time based on specific examples. The reflections of the expectation of war and the alleged promises of Lithuanian emigrants in the memories of witnesses - which did not always coincide with the realities of the past - are examined. The article focuses on the moods and actions of Lithuanian partisans directly related to these tendencies, because it was one of the most topical issues for the anti-Soviet fighters. The article examines the possible sources (press, radio, rumours) on the basis of which the war between East and West was predicted. The influence of German, US and British factors on forecasts is considered. It identifies events that may have fuelled the anticipation of military conflict and stormed people's imaginations, showing what actions the population was led to. Based on archival and published sources, the importance of the mood of waiting for war for the activities of Lithuanian partisans and the attitude of the population is determined. The frustrations of the Lithuanian population about the non-commencement of the war and the unfulfilled forecasts are also examined
Sovietų saugumas prieš ukrainiečių ir lietuvių partizanus 1944–1953 metais: ginkluoto pasipriešinimo slopinimas (remiantis SBU archyvo medžiaga) | Soviet Security Forces against Ukrainian and Lithuanian Partisans, 1944–1953 …
No full textBetween 1944 and 1953, the Soviet security forces sought to suppress the armed resistance in Western Ukraine and Lithuania by applying similar kinds of measures. These resistance movements were not directly related to each other, but there were similarities and differences. In Western Ukraine, the movement covered a bigger area, with a correspondingly larger number of people living there, and the fighting, especially in the initial period, was fiercer compared to Lithuania. The article compares these anti-Soviet resistance movements according to several criteria. The author puts the main focus on issues of the suppression of the resistance, comparing the situations in Western Ukraine and Lithuania at the time. He examines critically the material left by the Soviet security forces, and analyses the use of the agency and military actions against the partisans. The research is based mostly on Soviet security agency documents preserved in the Haluzevyĭ derz͡havnyĭ arkhiv Sluz͡hby bezpeky Ukraïny (Sectoral State Archives of the SBU, the Ukrainian Security Service) in Kyïv. This material has not yet been widely used by Lithuanian historians, although it is relevant for understanding the mechanisms of the activities of the Soviet security forces, not only in Western Ukraine, but also in Lithuania
Darius I and the Daric
No full textThe author describes the place of the daric in the development of the coinage of Sardes, and links its weight with that of the Babylonian shekel of Darius I. He explores the question of exchange between the earlier electrum and the gold and silver issues struck at Sardes under the Persians, suggesting that there was a significant fall in the value of silver over the second half of the 6th. Century BC.L'auteur étudie la place du darique dans le développement du monnayage à Sardes, et lie son poids avec celui du shekel babylonien de Darius Ier. Il examine le problème de l'échange entre les monnaies en électrum de la période précédente et l'argent monnayé à Sardes à l'époque perse. Il suggère une baisse significative de la valeur de l'argent dans la deuxième moitié du VIe siècle av. J.-C.Price Martin J. Darius I and the Daric. In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 91, 1989, n°1-2. L'or perse et l'histoire grecque, sous la direction de Raymond Descat. pp. 9-13
Darius Versus Xerxem: The images of Darius I And Xerxes In Old-Persian texts and in the works of Aeschylus and Herodotus
No full text© The Author(s) 2017. This article considers the development of the images of Persian Kings Darius I and Xerxes in Persia and Ancient Greece. The authors deal with self-representation of these monarchs in their inscriptions as well as perception of them in the ancient tradition represented by Aeschylus and Herodotus. They come to the conclusion that though Darius and Xerxes represented themselves as equals, they were perceived in ancient tradition as contrasting persons. It was most evident in Aeschylus' Persians who idealized Darius and represented Xerxes as the person mainly responsible for all misdeeds and failures of the Persians in their campaign against the Greeks. Herodotus contrasted Xerxes with Darius only on a few specific occasions, so the opposition between two Persian kings in his work is less evident than in Aeschylus' play. At the same time Herodotus' image of Xerxes is much more prejudiced and negative than that of Darius. However, there is a similarity in the representation of both Persian kings by Aeschylus and Herodotus: Darius is depicted as an administrator more than a warrior, Xerxes was a warrior par excellence
Darius Versus Xerxem: The images of Darius I And Xerxes In Old-Persian texts and in the works of Aeschylus and Herodotus
Full text link© The Author(s) 2017. This article considers the development of the images of Persian Kings Darius I and Xerxes in Persia and Ancient Greece. The authors deal with self-representation of these monarchs in their inscriptions as well as perception of them in the ancient tradition represented by Aeschylus and Herodotus. They come to the conclusion that though Darius and Xerxes represented themselves as equals, they were perceived in ancient tradition as contrasting persons. It was most evident in Aeschylus' Persians who idealized Darius and represented Xerxes as the person mainly responsible for all misdeeds and failures of the Persians in their campaign against the Greeks. Herodotus contrasted Xerxes with Darius only on a few specific occasions, so the opposition between two Persian kings in his work is less evident than in Aeschylus' play. At the same time Herodotus' image of Xerxes is much more prejudiced and negative than that of Darius. However, there is a similarity in the representation of both Persian kings by Aeschylus and Herodotus: Darius is depicted as an administrator more than a warrior, Xerxes was a warrior par excellence
Rec. kn.: ZIZAS, Rimantas. Sovietiniai partizanai Lietuvoje 1941–1944 m. Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla, 2014. – 607 p. ISBN 978-9955-847-88-5
No full textImage of Lithuanian exiles in Soviet state security documents from 1945 to 1991
No full textSovietų valdžios ir lietuvių išeivijos konfliktas, prasidėjęs 1940 metais, Antrojo pasaulinio karo metu sustiprėjo, o po 1945 metų nuolatos tęsėsi iki pat 1991 metų. Sovietų saugumas, įgaliotas sovietų valdžios, vykdė slaptąją dezorganizacinę veiklą lietuvių išeivijos atžvilgiu ir kartu su kitomis sovietinėmis institucijomis formavo išeivijos įvaizdį. Pirmiausia tai atliko savuose slaptuose dokumentuose, o vėliau skleidė viešojoje erdvėje. Darbo tikslas yra panagrinėti sovietų saugumo formuotą požiūrį ir parodyti pagrindinius šio požiūrio skleidimo būdus 1945–1991 m. Šiuo laiku aktyviausiai veikė sovietų specialiosios tarnybos ir pasireiškė išeivijos antisovietinė veikla. Duomenų apie sovietų formuotą požiūrį galime rasti istorikų Arvydo Anušausko, Juozo Banionio, Geistauto Gečiausko, Arūno Streikaus ir kt. darbuose. Bet išsamiai ir išskirtinai ši tema dar nenagrinėta. Pagrindinis šaltinis yra buvę KGB archyvai, saugomi Lietuvos ypatingajame archyve (toliau – LYA). Dėl įvairių priežasčių archyvinė medžiaga, susijusi su saugumo veikla prieš išeiviją, yra negausi, todėl nepajėgi atskleisti viso slapto veikimo užkulisių. Bet suformuluotas saugumiečių požiūris archyviniuose dokumentuose atsiskleidžia gana neblogai.Soviet State Security, as an integral part of the Soviet system, fostered a negative and denigrating attitude toward those Lithuanian emigrants who did not approve of the Soviet system in Lithuania. This attitude began to be actively promoted from 1945 onwards, when Lithuanian war refugees arrived in Western Germany. It was in their ranks that the Soviets found many enemies of the Soviet system. At first these refugees were accused of having collaborated with the Nazi occupying regime; later they were accused of cooperating with the intelligence services of Great Britain and the United States. A similarly negative and derogatory attitude was adopted toward those organizations that joined efforts to promote the liberation of Lithuania. It was only the so-called progressive, i.e., Communist-sympathizing Lithuanians living abroad the Soviets did not attack—they held them to be their support group in the Lithuanian emigration. Among Lithuanian diaspora organizations the Soviets held their fiercest enemy to have been the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania (best known under its Lithuanian acronym VLIK ). It was accused of collaborating with the Nazis and later of working for American intelligence. But besides the denigrating evaluation there were indications that the Soviets un derstood VLIK ’s importance in the life of the emigrant community. Still it was often emphasized that the activities of VLIK had no future. Second on the list of the Soviet Union’s enemies was the Santara-Šviesa Federation. It was seen as posing a danger because it adopted camouflaged methods of working against the Soviet system. Other organizations negatively viewed by the Soviets included the World Lithuanian Community and the Lithuanian American Council. Negative attitudes were not only recorded in internal Soviet security documents but propagated in publications as well. A rticles and books directed against the anti-Communist Lithuanian emigration were prepared on the basis of material selected by the KG B and with the help of workers from that agency. These publications displayed the same negative and derogatory attitudes. Every publication was accompanied by propaganda and publicity actions. But their results were minimal in comparison to the planned-for goals. The KG B-fashioned image of the emigration was intended to be transmitted to all potential audiences: the inhabitants of Lithuania, foreign citizens, ordinary emigrants - thereby inculcating certain stereotypes into their thinking
TININIS, Vytautas. Prievartinė mobilizacija į Raudonąją armiją. Vilnius: Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras, 2014. – 310, [1] p., [16] iliustr. lap. ISBN 978-609-8037-36-4
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