10,446 research outputs found
Political participation in Jordan: the impact of party and tribal loyalties since 1989
Full text linkIn the light of the internal and regional crises in the 1980s, Jordan found itself under pressure, and various ideological and political factors pushed the country towards political reform. As a result, Jordan has undergone several transformations, and a certain degree of political liberalization has made political participation the main objective of the Jordanian political system and its various institutions. This development in turn has required participation of all segments of the society, including political parties, minorities, and women. This participation demonstrates how far the political system has been liberalized. Therefore, nobody can argue that there is no political participation in Jordan. However, important questions remain. What is the form of this participation? What is its scale? What factors influence political participation, and what are its main objectives? Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the issue of political participation in Jordan. In particular, it investigated the impact of party and tribal loyalties on political participation in Jordan since 1989. This is undertaken through examining the basic forms of political participation, particularly participation in parliamentary elections. Accordingly, this study is divided into two main parts. The first part aims to shed light on the historical development of Jordanian parliament, electoral laws and systems, and political parties' participation and in addition to examine these in context of the socio-economic, political, and cultural environment. The second part was carried out through a survey involving the distribution of 400 questionnaires to five groups of political elite in Jordan. It is concluded in this study that despite the fact that political parties in Jordan date back to the establishment of the state in 1921, the social relations of kinship and the tribe are still dominant and constitute the main motives for Jordanians to participate in parliamentary elections. Several factors explain this, but it is argued here that the most important is legislations, particularly the emergency laws which have heavily restricted political freedoms and activities
The expedition of the Sultan in 1538 in Moldavia : (in the view of an Italian author)
Full text linkThe expedition of the Sultan in 1538 in Moldavia : (in the view of an Italian author). - In: Colloquia, an 2006, vol. 13, nr. 1-2, p. 257-271
5G NR : the next generation wireless access technology /
No full text5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Access TechnologyïŽfollows the authors' highly celebrated books on 3G and 4G by providing a new level of insight into 5G NR. After an initial discussion of the background to 5G, including requirements, spectrum aspects and the standardization timeline, all technology features of the first phase of NR are described in detail. Included is a detailed description of the NR physical-layer structure and higher-layer protocols, RF and spectrum aspects and co-existence and interworking with LTE. The book provides a good understanding of NR and the different NR technology components, giving insight into why a certain solution was selected. Content includes: Key radio-related requirements of NR, design principles, technical featuresDetails of basic NR transmission structure, showing where it has been inherited from LTE and where it deviates from it, and the reasons whyNR Multi-antenna transmission functionalityDetailed description of the signals and functionality of the initial NR access, including signals for synchronization and system information, random access and pagingLTE/NR co-existence in the same spectrum, the benefits of their interworking as one systemThe different aspects of mobility in NR RF requirements for NR will be described both for BS and UE, both for the legacy bands and for the new mm-wave bands.Includes bibliographical references and index.Vendor-supplied metadata.5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Access TechnologyïŽfollows the authors' highly celebrated books on 3G and 4G by providing a new level of insight into 5G NR. After an initial discussion of the background to 5G, including requirements, spectrum aspects and the standardization timeline, all technology features of the first phase of NR are described in detail. Included is a detailed description of the NR physical-layer structure and higher-layer protocols, RF and spectrum aspects and co-existence and interworking with LTE. The book provides a good understanding of NR and the different NR technology components, giving insight into why a certain solution was selected. Content includes: Key radio-related requirements of NR, design principles, technical featuresDetails of basic NR transmission structure, showing where it has been inherited from LTE and where it deviates from it, and the reasons whyNR Multi-antenna transmission functionalityDetailed description of the signals and functionality of the initial NR access, including signals for synchronization and system information, random access and pagingLTE/NR co-existence in the same spectrum, the benefits of their interworking as one systemThe different aspects of mobility in NR RF requirements for NR will be described both for BS and UE, both for the legacy bands and for the new mm-wave bands.Elsevie
Inleidende studie betreffende de mogelijkheden tot verhoging van de Emmapolderdijk
No full textDe onderhavige nota is ontstaan als uitvloeisel van voorstellen van de afdelingsingenieur voor de afdeling Landaanwinningswerken aan de Hoofdingenieur-Direkteur in de direktie Groningen betreffende het opzetten van een proef met golfremmende elementen op de Emmapolderdijk, van de daarop gevolgde gedachtenwisseling, en van de brief nr. 4048 van 3 juli 1963 van de genoemde Hoofdingenieur-Direkteur, waarin aan de afdeling Landaanwinningswerken werd opgedragen voorstudieste verrichten omtrent de mogelijkheden tot verhoging van de Emmapolderdijk
Ex-ante evaluation of tightening environmental policy: the case of mineral use in Dutch agriculture
Full text linkNon-point source pollution is notoriously difficult to asses. A relevant example is mineral emissions in the Netherlands. Since the mid 1980s the Dutch government has sought to reduce emissions through a wide variety of measures, the effect of which in turn is monitored using modeling techniques. This paper presents the current generation of mineral emission models from agriculture based on microsimulation of farms in combination with a spatial equilibrium model for the dispersion of manure from excess regions with high livestock intensities within the country to areas with low livestock intensities. The micro-simulation approach retains the richness in the heterogeneity of farm household decision making that are the core cause of the difficulty of assessing non-point source pollution, while using the best available data to track corresponding pollution. Using scenario analysis we are able to assess the possible effects of further tightening of agro-environmental policy.micro-simulation, spatial-equilibrium model, non-point source pollution, Environmental Economics and Policy,
Finnmarksloven er vedtatt. Om de vesentligste endringene i loven i forhold til regjeringens lovforslag i Ot.prp. nr 53 (2002-2003)
Full text linkThe Finnmark Act was recently approved in the parliament by a clear majority. A half-century discussion
concerning land rights of the Saami people has culminated in an Act concerning the «right to
land and water» in Finnmark County. The legislative history of the Act covers approximately 25
years, and started when the Saami Law committee was appointed in autumn 1980.
In this paper the author examines this legislative history, emphasizing the main changes in the
adopted act in relation the disputed bill to the parliament in spring 2003 (Ot.prp. nr. 53 (2002-2003).
Pursuant to the Act, a land commission and special tribunal will be established that will clarify
and settle land rights questions. The author observes that the land consolidation court, as proposed
by the Saami Law committee, is not given any place in the Act.
Finally, the author remarks that the changes from the bill of 2003, up to the adoption of the Act in
June this year, have led to an act which is a major step forward in giving the people in Finnmark
County rights to their natural resources and common land. The Act also represents strong support
for the land rights of the Saami people
Jordan. Dramatische Fantasie. Schriften
No full textWstęp: Paweł Wojciechowski i Zbigniew KaźmierczakWspółpraca redakcyjna, komentarz edytorski: Jarosław ŁawskiEdward Witold Żeligowski is one of the least remembered writers and personas of Polish Romantic literature. Commonly referred to as an “epigone”, he has never become the subject of deeper analysis. One might say that he was unlucky and never evoked great interest in the history of Polish literature. This might have resulted from the fact that, although he was a nobleman himself, he raised social issues and called for reforms (including the issue of peasantry), that history was to realise in the twentieth century in a bizarre rendition of utopia. Another reason might have been that he had moved a lot; he never formed permanent bonds with any of the circles with which he had lived and written for years. He was also quite unlucky as a writer: the play entitled Zorski (the second part of Jordan (1846, 2nd edition 1847, 3rd edition 1880), the play that brought its author patriotic fame and led him into exile into the depths of Russia) was destroyed during print in 1851, on the order of the Russian general governor.
He was born in 1816 in the Vileian Poviat in Marijampole. He was not a member of the youngest generation of Romanticists, as the Polish Romantic writers born after 1820, such as the Bohemians from Warsaw, were younger. He graduated from the Gymnasium in Vilnius. During his studies in Dorpat he joined conspiracy activities (1833-1836), for which he was interned in the town for several years. Further stages of his life were marked by: the return to his home country (1842), publication of the famous Jordan (1847), exile in Petrozavodsk, Orenburg and Ufa, civil service (1856 – 1858), editorial work in St. Petersburg that ended with the suspension of the “Słowo” magazine, emigration and stay in Paris and Montmorency, the broken engagement to Adam Mickiewicz’s daughter Helena Mickiewicz, settling in Geneva, activity supporting Polish emigrants after the January Uprising, and, finally, his death in Geneva in 1864.
The writer, who regularly moved from one place of residence to another, remained outside the opinion-forming literary communities that created the mainstream of Polish literary life in Poland and in the emigration circles. During his exile, he met Taras Shevchenko and Bronisław Zaleski, with whom he became friends (which is proven by the poem Do brata (To my Brother) by Taras Shevchenko). As a result, he is often mentioned by Ukrainian scholars today. He translated the poems of Heinrich Heine into Polish language. He maintained a constant dialogue with the ideas and works of Adam Mickiewicz, but, obviously, it could not be considered to be on equal footing, as most of the continuators and polemists of Mickiewicz were with time dubbed as his “epigones”.
He published few works: the aforementioned Jordan, Poezje [Poems] in St. Petersburg in 1858, and, in the same year and city, two volumes of prose, entitled Dziś i wczoraj. Rysy biograficzno-obyczajowe. [Yesterday and Today. Biographical Sketches]. His other works, which may still remain in the archives of Polish emigration or in Russian libraries in form of manuscripts, are known only as titles: Szkielety, Wspomnienia z życia i grobu [The Skeletons. Memories from Life and Death], Mnichy [The Monks], Mikołaj. A large amount of his letters and the archives of the associations that he co-created, were burnt in 1944 with the Rapperswil Collection when Warsaw was destroyed. We know of unpublished letters, among others, to Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. The play Zorski was slightly more fortunate: the manuscript that is published here survived, the foreword to the play was published in 1849, in the fifth edition of the “Gwiazda” (Star) magazine, and fragments of the play were published by Leonard Sowiński in the fourth volume of Ateneum of 1884.
This publication contains all three volumes of Żeligowski’s literary works that were published before his death, as well as the sequel to Jordan entitled Zorski, which was read from the manuscript by Dr Paweł Wojciechowski. The volume also contains the articles by: literary historian, Dr Paweł Wojciechowski : Edward Żeligowski – poeta walki, rozpaczy i wolności {Edward Żeligowski – the Poet of Fight, Despair, and Freedom] and by the philosopher, Professor Zbigniew Kaźmierczak: Jordan Edwarda Żeligowskiego: w poszukiwaniu zbawczej mocy. [Jordan by Edward Żeligowski. In Search for the Saving Power]. A foreword From the Editors was written by Professor Jarosław Ławski, Head of the Department of Philological Studies “East – West” of the Faculty of Philology of the University of Białystok. The volume was published under the grant of the National Programme for the Development of Humanities, entitled “The Continuation of critical editions of outstanding yet forgotten works of 19ᵗʰ century Polish Romantic literature, in the Academic Publication Series “Black Romanticism” in 12 volumes” (2018-2023).
One should hope that this summary of the most important works by Żeligowski will start a discussion about his place in the history of Polish Romantic literature, which is likely not as insignificant, as it was described in the literary history narration until the 21st century.Praca naukowa finansowana w ramach programu Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego pod nazwą „Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki” w latach 2018–2022: Kontynuacja krytycznych edycji wybitnych, zapomnianych dzieł XIX‑wiecznej polskiej literatury romantycznej w Naukowej Serii Wydawniczej „Czarny Romantyzm” w XII tomachPAWEŁ WOJCIECHOWSKI – literaturoznawca, komparatysta, doktor nauk humanistycznych w zakresie literaturoznawstwa (Wydział Polonistyki, Instytut Literatury Polskiej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego), adiunkt (Kolegium Literaturoznawstwa, Katedra Badań Filologicznych „Wschód – Zachód”, Pracownia Komparatystyki Kulturowej, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku). Autor książek naukowych, wielu artykułów, studiów, szkiców i recenzji. W dorobku naukowym posiada: liczne konferencje krajowe oraz międzynarodowe z referatem, publikacje w wydawnictwach uniwersyteckich, naukowych (w tym: TAiWPN „Universitas”, „DiG”, „Przegląd Humanistyczny”, „Wiek XIX”); wykłady międzynarodowe (Szwecja, Hiszpania). Żywioł scjentyficzny: literatura, filozofia, sztuka, kultura europejska XIX, XX i XXI wieku ze szczególnym uwyraźnieniem XIX- i XX‑wiecznej Skandynawii; komparatystyka, interdyscyplinarność w naukach humanistycznych, cyberkultura.Uniwersytet w BiałymstokuAntoni Sowa [Żeligowski Edward], Dziś i wczoraj: rysy biograficzno‑obyczajowe i bajki. T. 1, Petersburg: nakł. i drukiem Bolesława Maurycego Wolffa, 1858.Antoni Sowa [Żeligowski Edward], Dziś i wczoraj: rysy biograficzno‑obyczajowe i bajki. T. 2, Petersburg: nakładem i drukiem Bolesława Maurycego Wolffa, 1858.Antoni Sowa [Żeligowski Edward], Jordan: fantazja dramatyczna, Wilno: nakładem i drukiem Józefa Zawadzkiego, 1846.Myśli o walnych przedmiotach nowożytnej literatury, z przedmowy do 3-ej części Jordana, Fantazyi dramatycznej, „Gwiazda” 1849, t. 4.[Żeligowski Edward], Poezye Antoniego Sowy, Petersburg: nakładem i drukiem Bolesława Maurycego Wolffa, 1858.Żeligowski Edward, Zorski, autograf [ante 1849].Z melodii litewskich. Tęsknota, „Nadwiślanin” 1841.Chrześcijanka. Wyjątek. Wiara, „Noworocznik Literacki” 1843.Było to dawno. (Ballada); Do… J. D., „Pamiętnik Naukowo‑‑ Literacki” 1849, t. 3.Ustęp z poematu: On, ona i oni, „Athenaeum” 1851, t. V.Dwa słowa; Wiosna, „Gazeta Codzienna” 1856, nr 318.Pieśń bojowa; Do Antoniego Goreckiego, „Mrówka” 1869, nr 20 i 25.Pytałem raz dnia, dlaczego on jasny…, „Kurier Codzienny” 1880, nr 1.Z nie wydanych autografów Antoniego Sowy [wiersz: Nie samochwalcy ani blasku chciwi…], „Kurier Warszawski” 1883, nr 219.Piej, gdy rycerze pochwycą oręże…, „Świat” 1888, nr 16.Z teki autografów [wiersz: W albumie], „Kurier Warszawski” 1906, nr 221.Ciszo cmentarna, uroczysta, święta…, „Kurier Wileński” 1911, nr 248.Do brata – Tarasa Szewczenki, w: W. Zarzecki, Szewczenko i Polacy, „Pobudka” 1946, nr 36.Moniuszko Stanisław, Coś i ktoś: Epitalamium, słowa E. Żeligowski, Warszawa: nakład i własność wdowy po kompozytorze: skład główny w księgarni Adolfa Kowalskiego [ca 1876].Moniuszko Stanisław, Kraśna góra, słowa Edward Żeligowski, Warszawa: nakład i własność wdowy po kompozytorze: skład główny w księgarni Adolfa Kowalskiego [ca 1876].Moniuszko Stanisław, Trzeci śpiewnik domowy. No 2, Dwa słowa: pieśń, słowa Antoni Sowa [Edward Żeligowski], Warszawa: Gebethner i Spółka [1858].Moniuszko Stanisław, Trzeci śpiewnik domowy. No 5, Księżyc i rzeczka, słowa Antoni Sowa [Edward Żeligowski], wyd. 2, Warszawa: Gebethner i Spółka [1858].Piosennik Ludwika Nowickiego, nr 9, Moja milutka, słowa Antoni Sowa [Edward Żeligowski], Wilno: M. Orgelbrand [1860–1867].Piosennik Ludwika Nowickiego. No. 9, Z wielkich mych bolów: małe piosenki, słowa Antoni Sowa [Edward Żeligowski], Wilno: nakład Maurycego Orgelbranda [ok. 1870].Z. Kaniowa [Józef Ignacy Kraszewski], „Tygodnik Petersburski” 1846, nr 90.T. [Aleksander Tyszyński], „Biblioteka Warszawska” 1846, t. 4 [w: tegoż, Pisma krytyczne, t. 1, Kraków 1904].Au. Wi. [August Wilkoński], „Dzwon Literacki” 1846, t. 2.„Pamiętnik Naukowo‑‑ Literacki” 1850, t. 2, z. 5.Sowiński Leonard, O nie wydanym dramacie Antoniego Sowy [Edwarda Żeligowskiego], „Ateneum” 1884, t. 4.Padalica Tadeusz [Zenon Fisz], „Biblioteka Warszawska” 1858, t. 3.Ziemięcka Eleonora, Studia nad literatura bieżącą, „Kronika Wiadomości Krajowych i Zagranicznych” 1858, nr 224.Zmorski Roman, „Dziennik Literacki” 1858, nr 48–49.Z. Ż. [Krajewski], „Biblioteka Warszawska” 1858, t. 2.Bolesław Wiktor [S. Budziński], „Biblioteka Warszawska” 1859, t. 3.Korespondencja, „Dziennik Literacki” 1865, nr 44.Kraszewski Józef Ignacy, Władysław Syrokomla (Ludwik Kondratowicz), „Przegląd Europejski” 1862, t. 2 [wydane osobno: Warszawa 1863].Z Genewy donoszą… [nekrolog], „Dziennik Literacki” 1865, nr 4.Album Academicum der Kaiserlichen Universität Dorpat, Dorpat 1889.Alkar [Aleksander Kraushar], Bajkow. Z kartek pamiętnika rękopiśmiennego (1824 – 1829), Lwów 1893.B. Z. [Bronisław Zaleski], Zmarli na wychodztwie od 1861 roku, „Rocznik Towarzystwa Historyczno‑‑ Literackiego w Paryżu. Rok 1866”, Paryż 1867.Encyklopedia powszechna Samuela Orgelbranda, t. 28, Warszawa 1868.Gieysztor Jakub Kazimierz, Litwa przed rokiem 1863, Lwów 1888.Gieysztor Jakub Kazimierz, Pamiętniki z lat 1857–1865, t. 1, wstęp T. Korzon, Wilno 1913.Giller Agaton, Historia powstania narodu polskiego w 1861 – 1864 r., t. 3, Paryż 1870.Giller Agaton, Lista wygnańców polskich do roku 1860 spisana na Syberii, „Album Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswyll. Na stoletnią rocznicę 1772 r.”, Poznań 1872.Giller Agaton, Podróż więźnia etapami do Syberii w roku 1854, t. 2, Lipsk 1869, s. 139.Sulima A., Szewczenko na wygnaniu i Bronisław Zaleski, „Przegląd Powszechny” 1884, t. 4.Wilkońska Paulina, Moje wspomnienia o życiu towarzyskim w Warszawie, t. 3, Poznań 1871.Bomba Gerwazy [Ludwik Sztyrmer], Listy z Polesia, „Tygodnik Petersburski” 1843, nr 62.D’âkov Vladimir Anatol’evič, Polscy przyjaciele Tarasa Szewczenki, Warszawa 1964.Drogoszewski Aureli, Żeligowski Edward, [w:] Sto lat myśli polskiej, red. B. Chlebowski, I. Chrzanowski, t. 9, Lwów 1914.Dobaczewska Wanda, Dzieje kultury wileńskiej pomiędzy dwoma powstaniami, Wilno 1937.Gomulicki Juliusz Wiktor, Antoni Sowa, [w:] J. Tuwim, Księga wierszy polskich XIX wieku, t. 2, Warszawa 1954.Groniowski Krzysztof, Problem rewolucji agrarnej w ideologii obozów politycznych w latach 1846 – 1870, Warszawa 1957.Grabowska Maria, Żeligowski Edward, [w:] Mały słownik pisarzy polskich, cz. 1, red. M. Goszczyńska, Warszawa 1966.Koszycka Maria, Kwestia kobieca w twórczości Edwarda Żeligowskiego – zapomniane ogniwo w dziejach ideologii feministycznej, „Zeszyty Naukowe – Uniwersytet Warszawski. Filia w Białymstoku” 1984, T. VIII, z. 44.Koszycka Maria, Mickiewiczowskie wyznanie wiary Edwarda Żeligowskiego, [w:] Mickiewicz. W 190‑lecie urodzin. Materiały z sesji naukowej Białystok, 2–4 grudnia 1998, red. H. Krukowska, Białystok 1993, s. 307–318.Koszycka Maria, Pomiędzy Syberią moralną a patriotyzmem – Edwarda Żeligowskiego doświadczenie Syberii, „Zeszyty Naukowe – Uniwersytet Warszawski. Filia w Białymstoku”, T. XI, z. 56, FP, 1987, strony 115–148”.Koszycka Maria, Reminiscencje z powstania styczniowego. Edwarda Żeligowskiego niepowroty do Polski, „Zeszyty Naukowe – Uniwersytet Warszawski. Filia w Białymstoku. Filologia Polska” 1989, T. XIII.Koszycka Maria, Wileńskie reminiscencje Edwarda Żeligowskiego, [w:] Wilno – Wileńszczyzna jako krajobraz i środowisko wielu kultur. Materiały I Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowej w czterech tomach, red. E. Feliksiak, t. 4, Literatura i język, Białystok 1992.Literatura krajowa w okresie romantyzmu 1831–1863, t. 1, red. K. Wyka, H. Markiewicz i in., Kraków 1975.Limanowski Bronisław, Historia demokracji polskiej w epoce porozbiorowej, Zurych 1901.Lûbičankovskij Sergej Valentinovič, Edward Zheligowski – Polish exile in the Russian civil service (based on the materials of the Orenburg region, 1853–1857) / Edward Żeligowski – polski zesłaniec w rosyjskiej służbie cywilnej (na podstawie materiałów orenburskich 1853–1857), „Res Historica” 2020, nr 50.Matuszewski Ignacy, Diabeł w poezji. 4. Figury demoniczne w utworach polskich. Zły duch w „Jordanie” Sowy, „Ateneum” 1893, t. 2.Matuszewski Ignacy, Diabeł w poezji. Studium krytyczno-porównawcze, Warszawa 1894.Pisarek Henryk, Ateizm rewolucyjnego demokraty Edwarda Żeligowskiego, „Euhemer” 1964, z. 5.Pisarek Henryk, Rol’ russkih i Ukraincev v žizni i tvorčestve Èdvarda Želigovskogo, [w:] Svâzi revolûcionerov Rossii i Pol’ši XIX‑načala XX v., Moskva 1968.Skuczyński Janusz, „Jordan” Edwarda Żeligowskiego – „Dziady” krajowe i „nowochrześcijańskie”, „Zeszyty Naukowe WSHE”, T. 13 (2003), s. 51–84.Śliwowska Wiktoria, Zesłańcy polscy w Imperium Rosyjskim w pierwszej połowie XIX w., Warszawa 1998.Windakiewicz Stanisław, Walter Scott i lord Byron w odniesieniu do polskiej poezji romantycznej, Kraków 1914.Wegner Stanisław, Edward Żeligowski (Antoni Sowa) 1820–1920, „Dziennik Poznański” 1920, nr 221.Wypych‑Gawrońska Anna, Literatura i literaci w życiu i twórczości Stanisława Moniuszki, „Edukacja Muzyczna” 2019, z. XIV, s. 77–100.Zdziechowski Marian, Byron i jego wiek. Studia porównawczoliterackie, t. 2, Kraków 1897.Zdziechowski Marian, Zapomniany poeta Edward Żeligowski, „Przegląd Literacki” 1897, nr 2–3.Zielińska Marta, Edward Żeligowski 1816 – 1864, [w:] Obraz literatury polskiej XIX i XX wieku, Seria III, t. 3: Literatura krajowa w okresie romantyzmu 1831–1863, Kraków 1992.Żeligowski Edward Witold (1816–1864), [w:] Bibliografia Literatury Polskiej „Nowy Korbut”, Romantyzm, t. IX, oprac. I. Śliwińska, S. Stupkiewicz, hasła osobowe: P–Ż, Warszawa 1972, s. 411–413.[hasło: Żeligowski Edward], [w:] https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Zeligowski‑Edward;4002940.html [dostęp: 25.01.2022]
Farming on the Edge in Poland. Options for Improving Farm Incomes for the Main Types of Farms after Joining the EU
Full text linkThe aim of the paper is to examine the financial impacts of introducing the Common Agricultural Policy into the Polish farming sector after the accession to the EU. Aggregated results from farm level modelling using linear programming for 210 farm types representing the variety of Polish farms, and 90% of the agricultural sector are presented. The benefits of the negotiated subsidy arrangements are unequally distributed and only a partial solution to low farm family incomes.EU accession, Polish Agriculture, direct payments, typical farms, farm model., Farm Management,
Conservation genetics of Pristis sawfishes in Australian waters
Full text linkNorthern Australia is believed to contain the last ‘viable’ populations of the critically endangered Freshwater Sawfish, Pristis microdon, Dwarf Sawfish, Pristis clavata, and Green Sawfish, Pristis zijsron, making these populations of global significance. Mitochondrial and microsatellite markers were used to investigate the population structure, levels of genetic diversity, and evolutionary history of each of these species in northern Australian waters. Pristis microdon, which utilizes freshwater rivers as juveniles and marine waters as adults, has high levels of mtDNA heterogeneity and no nDNA heterogeneity; indicating that this species has female philopatry coupled with male-biased dispersal in northern Australian waters. The conservation plans for this species should, therefore, place a high priority on the protection of females, pupping grounds, and nursery areas to minimize the risk of extirpation. Conservation plans also need to consider the likelihood that a decline in the abundance of this species in one location could have an effect on its abundance and genetic ‘health’ in other locations via male gene flow. In contrast, P. clavata and P. zijsron, which spend their entire lives in marine and/or estuarine waters, each have heterogeneity in the mtDNA and nDNA markers, suggesting that gene flow in both males and females is restricted at large spatial scales in northern Australian waters. Consequently, the risk of extirpation for each of these species is relatively high since a decline in abundance is unlikely to be replenished by immigration from other locations. Therefore, conservation plans for P. clavata and P. zijsron should place a high priority on the protection of males and females, as well as pupping grounds and nursery areas. Most of the assemblages of each of the Pristis species contained moderate and high levels of diversity in mtDNA and nDNA markers, respectively. This suggests that the prognosis for the short and medium-term survival of each of these species in Australian waters is relatively good, providing that measures are put in place to curb any further declines in abundance. However, the levels of mtDNA diversity in the assemblage of each of P. clavata and P. zijsron in the Gulf of Carpentaria were reduced and, therefore, these assemblages may warrant special conservation status. Finally, the evolutionary histories of the Pristis species in Australian waters have most likely played an important role in shaping the observed patterns of population structure and levels of genetic diversity, however, the relative influence of contemporary versus historic factors on the amount and distribution of genetic variation in each of these species remains somewhat unresolved
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