1,721,241 research outputs found
Science réglementaire : une internationalisation divergente? L’évaluation des biotechnologies aux États-Unis et en Europe
No full textThis article seeks to highlight persistent differences in regulatory science on an international scale. Scientific knowledge is generally considered to be universal, and thanks to international trade liberalization, considerable efforts have been made to harmonize technical regulations, so why do such differences persist? Drawing on a comparative and cross-national case study on the assessment of the risks linked to animal cloning for food, the author examines coproduction of the context of regulatory science, and its substantive content. Two different ways of producing regulatory science are identified, each which combines different ways of knowing (ways of reasoning, cognitive schemes, categories and concepts) and different ways of regulating (institutional architectures, regulatory resources, sources of authority). The analysis shows that the performance of regulatory science is strongly embedded in institutions which bear the hallmark of their national histories. This is a source of persistent divergence in the assessment of biotechnology.Nous mettons ici en évidence des différences durables dans la production de la science réglementaire à l’échelle internationale. Alors que la science est considérée comme universelle et que, libéralisation du commerce aidant, des efforts considérables sont consacrés à l’harmonisation des règles techniques, pourquoi ces différences se maintiennent-elles ? Notre analyse repose sur une étude comparative et transnationale de l’évaluation des biotechnologies, avec une focale sur les risques liés au clonage animal, en Europe et aux États-Unis. Quelles sont les connaissances produites en relation à un cadre réglementaire et institutionnel qu’elles contribuent à construire ? Nous identifions deux modes de production différenciés d’expertise scientifique dans lesquels la science réglementaire est plus ou moins centrale et qui associent différentes façons de produire de la connaissance (formes de raisonnement, traitement de l’incertitude, hiérarchie des sources de connaissance) et différentes façons de réguler les activités (architectures institutionnelles, ressources réglementaires, sources d’autorité). La production d’expertise s’avère donc prise dans l’ensemble des règles que forme cette « science réglementaire » qui, portant la marque des histoires nationales, entrave fortement les efforts d’harmonisation
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Interactive technology assessment in the real world: Dual dynamics in an iTA exercise on genetically modified vines
Full text linkParticipatory Technology Assessment (pTA) initiatives have usually been analyzed as if they existed in a social and political vacuum. This article analyzes the linkages that occur, in both directions, between the microcosm set up by a pTA exercise and the real world outside. This dual-dynamics perspective leads to a new way of understanding the function and significance of pTA initiatives. Rather than viewing them as a means to create the ideal conditions for real public debate, they are viewed here as an additional public arena in which sociotechnical controversies are played out. This perspective is developed from the analysis of an interactive technology assessment exercise conducted by the French National Institute for Agricultural Research, on the topic of genetically modified vines
Synthèse du colloque-Forum : Réinventer l’alliance sciences sociétés
No full textLe colloque-forum « réinventer l’alliance sciences sociétés » de janvier 2015 est l’aboutissement de deux années de travail et de collaboration entre acteurs sociaux et acteurs académiques. En novembre 2012, l’impulsion était donnée par la préparation de la loi portant sur l’Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche (ESR), finalement votée en juillet 2013. Constatant que le gouvernement ne consulterait que les acteurs académiques et institutionnels pour préparer cette loi d’orientation et que le texte ne prendrait pas la mesure des enjeux liés aux relations sciences-société, les promoteurs de ce qui allait devenir l’ALLISS ont porté ces thématiques dans le débat public. Cette initiative s’appuyait sur un diagnostic partagé, fondé sur l’expérience et sur les études de nombreux acteurs. Nous constations la très grande diversité et la multiplication des relations sciences-sociétés en même temps que le manque de visibilité et de reconnaissance des enjeux du phénomène. Le risque pouvait être d’adopter un cadre normatif insuffisamment ambitieux et ne prenant pas en compte de tels enjeux.
Des solutions sont trouvées, par contournement, persistance, méthode et toujours ingéniosité. Elles apparaissent d'autant plus pérennes qu'elles sont été élaborées collectivement, en impliquant toutes les parties prenantes. A partir du partage des expériences au colloque Forum, nous avons pu dresser un vade-mecum en regard des cinq constats majeurs : 1) Le métier de chercheur, un métier en expansion, 2) le métier de médiateur/agents intermédiaires, un métier essentiel, 3) le besoin de lieux « outillés » et durables, 4) le financement de l’innovation, une question socio-politique, une question de démocratie et 5) l’ouverture de l’Université, pour une recherche autre
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