178,231 research outputs found
Dataset for Tools for mapping multi-scale settlement patterns of building footprints: An introduction to the R package foot
No full textThis dataset supports the publication:
Warren C. Jochem and Andrew J. Tatem. "Tools for mapping multi-scale settlement patterns of building footprints: An introduction to the R package foot." PLOS ONE.</span
Book review: the acceleration of cultural change: from ancestors to algorithms by R. Alexander Bentley and Michael J. O'Brien
No full textIn The Acceleration of Cultural Change: From Ancestors to Algorithms, R. Alexander Bentley and Michael J. O'Brien examine the fast pace of technological and cultural change today, contrasting our modes of knowledge exchange with those of early humans. Exploring rapidly changing traditions from ancient fairy tales to viral memes, this playful book gives great insight into the ways in which cultures are transformed and sustained over time, writes Jochem Kootstra
The location of diapycnal mixing and the meridional overturning circulation
No full textThe large-scale consequences of diapycnal mixing location are explored using an idealized threedimensional model of buoyancy-forced flow in a single hemisphere. Diapycnal mixing is most effective in supporting a strong meridional overturning circulation (MOC) if mixing occurs in regions of strong stratification, that is, in the low-latitude thermocline where diffusion causes strong vertical buoyancy fluxes. Where stratification is weak, such as at high latitudes, diapycnal mixing plays little role in determining MOC strength, consistent with weak diffusive buoyancy fluxes at these latitudes. Boundary mixing is more efficient than interior mixing at driving the MOC; with interior mixing the planetary vorticity constraint inhibits the communication of interior water mass properties and the eastern boundary. Mixing below the thermocline affects the abyssal stratification and upwelling profile, but does not contribute significantly to the MOC through the thermocline or the ocean’s meridional heat transport. The abyssal heat budget is
dominated by the downward mass transport of buoyant water versus the spread of denser water tied to the properties of deep convection, with mixing of minor importance. These results are in contrast to the widespread expectation that the observed enhanced abyssal mixing can maintain the MOC; rather, they suggest that enhanced boundary mixing in the thermocline needs to be identified in observations
Tools for mapping multi-scale settlement patterns of building footprints: An introduction to the R package foot
No full textSpatial datasets of building footprint polygons are becoming more widely available and accessible for many areas in the world. These datasets are important inputs for a range of different analyses, such as understanding the development of cities, identifying areas at risk of disasters, and mapping the distribution of populations. The growth of high spatial resolution imagery and computing power is enabling automated procedures to extract and map building footprints for whole countries. These advances are enabling coverage of building footprint datasets for low and middle income countries which might lack other data on urban land uses. While spatially detailed, many building footprints lack information on structure type, local zoning, or land use, limiting their application. However, morphology metrics can be used to describe characteristics of size, shape, spacing, orientation and patterns of the structures and extract additional information which can be correlated with different structure and settlement types or neighbourhoods. We introduce the foot package, a new set of open-source tools in a flexible R package for calculating morphology metrics for building footprints and summarising them in different spatial scales and spatial representations. In particular our tools can create gridded (or raster) representations of morphology summary metrics which have not been widely supported previously. We demonstrate the tools by creating gridded morphology metrics from all building footprints in England, Scotland and Wales, and then use those layers in an unsupervised cluster analysis to derive a pattern-based settlement typology. We compare our mapped settlement types with two existing settlement classifications. The results suggest that building patterns can help distinguish different urban and rural types. However, intra-urban differences were not well-predicted by building morphology alone. More broadly, though, this case study demonstrates the potential of mapping settlement patterns in the absence of a housing census or other urban planning data
DS_10.1177_0001839218817520 – Supplemental material for What Is Dead May Never Die: Institutional Regeneration through Logic Reemergence in Dutch Beer Brewing
No full textSupplemental material, DS_10.1177_0001839218817520 for What Is Dead May Never Die: Institutional Regeneration through Logic Reemergence in Dutch Beer Brewing by Jochem J. Kroezen and Pursey P. M. A. R. Heugens in Administrative Science Quarterly</p
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
An Agenda for Energy and Material Efficiency Policy – An Element of Technology Policy for a More Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
No full textDiscussions about the future options of the energy systems of industrialised countries are held almost exclusively in terms of alternative resources of energy supply and related technologies. This paper tries to broaden the view of the technological options by focusing on the technical and theoretical potentials of a more efficient use of energy and materials. Such options are generally overlooked since a more efficient use of energy resources tends to be assessed by its economic potential. This analysis starts from the basic human needs of an industrialised country which lead to the material and energy services that influence energy-related drivers. The analysis of the energy system's losses, from useful energy to final and primary energy and the analysis of a more efficient use of materials hint at huge technical and theoretical potentials for more efficient use of energy. This new agenda of the technology-based research of resource efficiency is labelled as the vision of the 2000 Watt per capita society. It may not only influence energy and material research and policy agendas, but also transform the present rather narrow-minded understanding of energy policy into a resource efficiency concept as part of an innovation policy oriented towards sustainable development. From this perspective, suggestions are made to extend the R&D energy and material policy agendas.Innovation policy, energy efficiency policy, material efficiency, R&D energy policy
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
The dynamics of ocean heat transport variability
No full textThe north-south heat transport is the prime manifestation of the ocean’s role in global climate, but understanding of its variability has been fragmentary owing to uncertainties in observational analyses, limitations in models, and the lack of a convincing mechanism. We review the dynamics of global ocean heat transport variability, with an emphasis on time scales from monthly to interannual. We synthesize relatively simple dynamical ideas and show that together they explain heat transport variability in a state-of-the-art, high-resolution ocean general circulation model. Globally, the cross-equatorial, seasonal heat transport fluctuations are close to plus or minus 3x1015 watts, the same amplitude as the seasonal, cross-equatorial atmospheric energy transport. The variability is concentrated within 20 degrees of the equator and dominated by the annual cycle. The majority of the variability is due to wind-induced current fluctuations in which the time-varying wind drives Ekman layer mass transports that are compensated by depth-independent return flows. The temperature difference between the mass transports gives rise to the time-dependent heat transport. It is found that in the heat budget the divergence of the time-varying heat transport is largely balanced by changes in heat storage. Despite the Ekman transport’s strong impact on the time-dependent heat transport, the largely depth-independent character of its associated meridional overturning stream function means that it does not affect estimates of the time-mean heat transport made by one-time hydrographic surveys. Away from the tropics, the heat transport variability associated with the depth-independent gyre and depth-dependent circulations, is much weaker than the Ekman variability. The non-Ekman contributions can amount to a 0.2–0.4x1015 watts standard deviation in the heat transport estimated from a one-time hydrographic survey
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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