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Rationalize the Structure of Production and Study on Extending the Fruiting Season of Litchi in Taiwan
No full text我國荔枝產業長期以來深受品種少、產期集中、優良品種不易栽培且成本高、果實不耐貯藏等問題所困擾。農業試驗所所育成的 7 個品種，可把產期從當前集中於 5-6 月底的現象，藉有計畫性的品種更新將產期調節至 3-8 月中旬，其中盛產期可達 3 個月。此外，‘玉荷包’的產期調節技術，可使產期由南部恆春的 5 月上旬，延長至中部的 7月上旬。藉由品種多樣化，及產期調節技術雙重的應用，使市場供需趨於平衡，並可分散勞力，降低生產成本，減輕氣象因素所造成的風險，對增加農友的收益有很大的幫助。
The main constraint in the litchi industry in Taiwan is the short production season lead to the imbalance between supply and demand in market, due to ‘Hak Ip’ planting too much. The 7 novel varieties released from Taiwan Agricultural research institute, have different fruit maturity seasons and good fruit quality. Based on the policy of the ‘right cultivar for the right land’ cultivate them in proper ecological regions will effectively adjust the current production period which are concentrated in late May and June extend to the period from late March to mid-August, it will match market requirements. Furthermore, researcher have developed cultural technology to adjust production period which apply it for ‘Yu Her Pau’ can make the period from early May in Hengchun, which locate in the most southern township of Taiwan, extend to early July in central Taiwan
Characterization of generative development in early maturing litchi ‘Early Big’, a novel cultivar in Taiwan
No full textIntroduction. A short harvest window is common in litchi production
worldwide, leading to imbalance between supply and demand for fresh fruit. This problem
can be mitigated with early-maturing cultivars, such as ‘Early Big’, released in 2010 in
Taiwan. Our goal was to characterize the generative development in this novel litchi
cultivar. Materials and methods. The patterns of female flowering and fruit
development, and fruit abscission were investigated in ‘Early Big’ litchi in 2013 and
2014. The relationship between the second round (2ndR) blooming and the first round
(1stR) fruit was
studied. The ambient temperature in both years was recorded. Results and discussion.
2–3 weeks after full female bloom (AFFB) the 2ndR flowering occurred, followed
by fruit abscission with loss of 95% fruit within 4 weeks AFFB in ‘Early Big’ litchi,
resulting in low yield at harvest. The 2ndR blooming was negatively correlated with the
1stR fruit
retention rate from week 4 AFFB in 2013. Overall, the period of low temperature from
November through to the following March was longer in 2013/2014 than in 2012/2013. The
trait of early maturing in ‘Early Big’ is mainly due to early flowering. Temperature may
be related to the generative development in ‘Early Big’. The accumulation of low
temperature in early spring may be related to poor initial fruit set. Conclusion.
The presence of 2ndR flowering also potentially reduced the 1stR fruit set and retention.
These issues must be addressed to develop field strategies to improve yield in ‘Early Big’
litchi
Effects of Different Nitrogen Dosages on the Growth and Development on Fruits and Seasonal Changes of Mineral Elements in Leaves
No full text以百香果臺農雜交1號盆栽試驗探討氮肥濃度(5、10、15、20 mM)對其生長發育之影響；並於臺東之果園進行取樣分析，調查其葉片主要元素含量之週年變化。
氮肥濃度以15 mM處理較佳，無論地上部、根生長勢與元素含量均較5、10 mM處理組爲優。20 mM處理雖地上部生長較佳，但根生長受阻且磷、鉀、鈣等元素吸收較少，且氮素在組識中累積，可能已呈氮素過量的現象。
不同節位的葉片，由頂部往基部，氮及磷含量漸降，而鈣和鎂則漸升，鉀含量以葉片接近展開的時期爲最高。
分析要素含量週年變化顯示，氮、磷、鉀含量在11月達全年設高峯後漸降，至4月有一低峯出現，在生長期中受到開花着果與生長週期改變而起伏，鈣的全年變化幅度不大，鎂則較不規則。此等變化受植株生長發育、氣候因子及果園管理之影響。
The effects of nitrate concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20 mM) on growth of potted passionfruit were studied. The seasonal changes of mineral elements in leaves grown in orchards at Taitung were also analysed.
Application of 15 mM nitrogen resulted in a more vigorous growth thn that of 5 or 10 mM. Nitrogen with 20 mM retarded root growth and the absorption of P, K and Ca, and meanwhile, nitrate was accumulated in the tissues. It appeared that 20mM nitrogen is excessive for the growth of passionfruit.
As passionfruit leaves increased in age, the N and P contents decreased and Ca and Mg increased. K content attained maximum when leaf almost fully expended.
The analysis of seasonal changes of macroelements in leaves showed that N, P and K contents reached their maximum in November and minimum in April. Only small difference for Ca content and no definite trend for Mg content were founded
Effect of Nitrogen Concentrations of Hydroponic Media on Flowering and Fruiting of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)
No full text秋末冬初荔枝持續生長的營養枝條尚未花芽創始，而起因常被認為與水份充分供應有關，但氮素溶解於水而為植株所吸收亦會導致此種現象。荔枝著果率低的原因也常被推測與氮素供應有關。為釐清水份與氮素對荔枝開花結果的影響並準確控制氮素供應，本研究利用水耕栽培系統對‘黑葉’高壓苗進行0 mg/l (對照)，14mg/l 及42 mg/l 的氮素濃度處理。開花表現以14 mg/l 處理最佳，每株開花枝條比率約為其他處理的兩倍；且第一支花穗至最後一支花穗萌出期間隔最短，花穗抽出最為整齊；花穗長度亦顯著較42 mg/l 及0 mg/l 處理為長。然而在花穗形態方面，僅0mg/l 處理為純花穗。結果表現以14 mg/l 處理最佳，不管是在幼果期(果徑約為1 公分)或成熟果階段，均有最高的結果枝條比率，42 mg/l 處理初期結果枝條比率很差，0 mg/l 處理則在果實發育階段落果嚴重。氮素會直接影響荔枝開花與結果的表現，若氮素管理得當並有一段適當的低溫，則即使荔枝處於高的水份狀態亦有花芽創始。對荔枝花芽創始而言，最適當的氮素處理濃度應較14 mg/l 略低，但14 mg/l 氮素處理對荔枝花穗發育及結果較為適當。著果期葉片分析的資料顯示，隨著處理氮素濃度的增加，葉片內氮與鈣的含量隨之增加，但可溶性醣、磷、鎂、鋅的含量卻呈下降的趨勢，鉀、鐵含量以0 mg/l 處理最高，錳含量似不受處理中氮素濃度的影響，而銅含量則以42 mg/l 處理最高，澱粉含量以14 mg/l 處理最高。這些結果顯示足夠的碳水化合物應是14 mg/l 處理結果率較高的原因之一。
Air layered litchi plants of cv. Haak Yip were grown in hydroponic solutions containing 0 (control), 14, 42 mg/l nitrogen to study the effect of nitrogen concentrations on flowering and fruiting. At 14 mg/l N, the percentage of flowering shoots per tree was about two fold when compared with the other two treatments and resulted in the longest average length of panicles. The panicles grown from 14 mg/l and 42 mg/l N treatments were leafy. At 0 mg/l N, however, the panicles, though shorter then the usual length, were leafless, the result of normal flower initiation. Fruiting was best at 14 mg/l N treatment, also. Whether in young or mature fruit stage, the percentage of fruiting shoots was highest at 14 mg/l N treatment. Poor fruit setting occurred at 42 mg/l N. At 0 mg/l N, heavy fruit drop occurred during fruit development stage. The result of this study indicated that nitrogen per se did have direct influence on the processes of flowering and fruiting in litchi. The most suitable nitrogen concentration for flower initiation might be lower than 14 mg/l. However, for flower development and fruiting, 14 mg/l nitrogen supplied might be suffient. As concentrations increased, N Ca contents increased in leaves but soluble sugar P Mg Zn were in the opposite direction. K Fe were highest in 0 mg/l N. Cu was highest in 42 mg/l N. No significant difference in Mn content among three treatments. Starch content was highest in 14 mg/l N treatment. Adequate carbohydrate might be one of reasons why 14 mg/l N treatment got better fruit set and development
Effects of Pruning and Girdling on Flowering of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)
No full text本研究目的在探討枝葉修剪與環剝處理對荔枝開花率、抽穗時期及花穗性狀的影響。試驗方法是以‘玉荷包’荔枝進行修剪與環剝單獨及複合處理。在未修剪及弱剪處理者環剝，對開花率沒有影響；但強剪處理者若不配合環剝則開花率顯著降低。弱剪處理不會延後花穗抽出時期，而強剪處理則會延後15天。環剝處理不會延後抽穗時期。修剪與環剝單獨及複合處理均會影響花穗發育。花穗長度隨著修剪程度的增加而顯著縮短，而環剝處理則會更加縮短；強剪處理會提高花穗之偏雌花比率而弱剪處理則無此效應；環剝處理亦會提高花穗之偏雌花比率，但不會受到修剪程度的影響。本試驗結果顯示，修剪處理會因延遲枝條成熟時間或延後抽穗日期之效應，而使花芽誘導及花穗發育時期所處的微氣候環境不同，進而影響荔枝開花及花穗性狀。但環剝處理對開花及花穗性狀的影響，則與改變植體的生理機制有關。在本文中亦討論了修剪與環剝處理對荔枝結果的影響。
The separated and combined effects of pruning and girdling branches on flower initiation and flower development were investigated in ‘Yu Her Pau’ litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Light pruning and girdling did not influence the flowering, but flowering in heavy pruning was very little in the absence of girdling. Light pruning did not delay the date of panicle emergence, but heavy pruning delayed 15 days. Girdling pre se did not influence the date of panicle emergence. Pruning and girdling did influence the panicle development. Pruning reduced panicle length and the response was stronger in heavy pruning. Combined treatments of pruning and girdling reduced panicle length more than spearated treatment. Heavy pruning increased the proportion of female flowers, but not in light pruning. The proportion of female flowers increased by girdling but the response had no relations to pruning. The results of this experiment indicated that the effects of pruning on flower initiation and flower development are related to environmental factors, especially air temperature, during flower induction and early stage of flower development. However, the effects of girdling on flower initiation and flower development depend relatively on the changes of physiological mechanism in plant. The effects of pruning and girdling on fruit set were discussed in this report
Litchi Breeding in Taiwan
No full text台灣荔技育種工作於民國71年起陸續開始執行，負責的單位為農業試驗所
嘉義分及鳳山分所。育種目的為選育不月產期，產量高且穩定、品質與風味具有
特色之優良品種。育種程序依序為訂定育種目標、親本選擇、雜交授粉、實生苗
培育與選被、品種系比較試驗、區域試驗、植物性狀檢定與品種權的申請。其中
雜交授粉同時採用人工授粉及自然授翰粉。實生苗培育採用密植及高接兩種方式。
實生後代初選以調查其果實性狀為主，優選品系評估則兼具果實性狀、產量與適
應性，目前已成功培育出7個品種，分別是「台農1號翠玉」、「台農2號旺荔」、
「台農3號玫瑰紅」、「台農4號吉荔」、「台農5號紅寶石」、「台農6號豔荔」與
「台農7號早大荔」。這些新品種利用品種特性搭配海拔及緯度差異的配置可將產期由現在5月中旬至7月上旬，調整成3月下旬至8月上旬，亦即產期可由現
有的1.5月延長至5個月。新品種栽培成本亦較低約10元-20元/斤，此僅為玉荷包的一半。此外，新品種在5℃可貯藏2至4週，有利於外銷。農業試驗所這些新品種的育成，將可為荔枝產業帶來新的契機。
Taiwan litchi breeding program was conducted from 1982. The responsible organisms arc Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station and fengahan Tropical Horticultural Experiment Station, TARI. The breeding objectives were various mature seasons, high, regular yields, good liasor and qualities with valued chamcters. The procedure of breeding were as follows, making breeding objectives. choosing parents, controlled hybridtzation, seedlings handling and selection, line evaluation, advanced regional trials and plant right application. Open and controlled pollination were conducted in hybridization. The spacing of 3 m x 1 m was suggested to handle large population of seedlings. Fruit characters were the main evaluated item in seedlings selection stage, however, yield and adaptability were also included in line evaluation stage. Recently seven hybrids namely ”Tainung No- 1 Tsuey Yu”, “Tainnung No. 2 Wang Lee” and “Tainting No. 3 Rose Red”, “Tainung No- 4 Lsrge lychee”, “Tainung No. 5 Ruby”, “Tainung No. 6 Clorfisl lychee” and “Tainung No. 7 Eary Big” have been released. The mature seasons were front early March to early August
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Litchi and Longan Breeding
No full text荔枝育種之目標為育成不同產期，高品質大果無子，豐產之品種，育種方法包括自然授粉實生選種及人工控制授粉雜交育種，實生苗種植行株距建議以3×0.5公尺為佳。現已蒐集30餘品種，以Peroxidase及Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 同功異構梅分析可區分成七大類。實生品系中已選5品系，於本省六地進行試作，本文並就育種方法及其效率增進之可行加以分析討論。龍眼育種以不同產期，大果無子、矮性品種為目標，育種方法同荔枝，目前已蒐集40餘品種，依其成熟期（7-11月）可區分成5大類，並已進行自然授粉實生品系選拔。
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)breeding for various mature season, quality(large and seedless fruit), and yield were conducted through open and controled-pollination. The spacing of 3×0.5m were suggested to handle large population of seedlings. Thirty collected varieties could be classified into 7 groups sccording to isoayme analysis of peroixdase and glutamate wxaloacetate transaminase. Five clones selected was adv- anced to regional yield trail at 5 locations in Taiwan. The methods and efficiency of breeding was discussed. Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) breeding for various mature season, large and seedless fruit and dwarfness were started via germplasm collection Forty varieties were maintuined and classified into 5 groups according to mature season (July to November). Selection of seedlings from open-and controled-pollinati on have been conducted and will be continued in breeding program
Effects of Chemicals on Flowering in Longan
No full text隔年結果為龍眼栽培上之最大問題，本研究針對隔年結果加以探討，已可控制龍眼開花，克服隔年結果問題，且可進一步周年開花，調節產期。以爆竹內含成份（氯酸鉀與硫磺為主之混合藥劑）處理龍眼植株根部，平均灑於龍眼植株樹冠下樹幹至樹冠內3/4位置，再加以攪拌覆土及澆水至微濕，顯示在不同時間，不同地點對不同龍眼品種，均有催花之效果。於5月及7月於嘉義農業試驗分所試驗園及高雄內門池姓農家果園以藥劑處理分別可達39.8％及75％之開花率。進一步比較爆竹內含成分之效果，顯示氯酸鉀為主要促成龍眼開花之有效成分，各種內含氯酸鉀之配方均能促成龍眼花芽分化，且平均開花率可達60％，且藥劑處理效果不受植株生育與葉片生育期之影響，處理後各生育期之葉片均可能迅速轉成花芽分化而開花，即使在結果狀態下，無果實枝梢亦可花芽分化。植株樹冠直徑6公尺株高4公尺以下使用量約400g。在樹冠直徑6公尺之內，藥劑量400及800g之效果無顯著之差異，均能催花達66％以上。比較‘十月’，‘粉殼’及‘五月’三種品種之效果，顯示‘五月’優於‘粉殼’與‘十月’，但因於不同地區及不同時間處理，不能據以認定品種間效果有差別。
Alternate bearing is a serious problem in longan production in Taiwan. This paper describes the method developed to overcome the alternate bearing by chemical application. The method can control logan flowers as required and produce fruit all year round. The gunpowder of firecracker applied to soil 2/3 of canopy from trunk could induce flower initiation in different time, locations and varieties. The treatment could induce 39.8% and 75% of flower in May and July respectively. Further experiments indicated that potassium chlorate is only effective ingredient to force flower in longan in this treatment. Any chemical combined with potassium chlorate studied can induce 60% of flower on the tree in average. The effects of flowering were not affected by stage of leaf development. The flower percentages were not significantly different between 400 and 800 grams of potassium chlorate in trees with 6m of canopy diameter. However, increase of chemical application might increase the flower in longan. The effect was decreased in older and larger tree, which roots were deeper and is more difficult for chemical penetration as well. The results indicated that the flower initiation is irrelative to temperature and leaf development. The flower can be induced by chemical application from root. The research also indicated that flower forcing and season control in longan is possible by low cost chemical
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