116 research outputs found
Right of rescission of the author gem. 137 1 Abs. 1 UrhG in practice
No full textAs part of the reform of the German Copyright Act (UrhG) Section 1371 deals with a transitional measure for new types of publication. In particular it allows publishers to make use of online publishing without previous license agreements with copyright holders. However, a copyright holder can prohibit such forms of publication through a formal declaration within one year of the law's enactment. This paper deals with the right to revoke permission and discusses several specific instances in order to show whether, and to what extent, the exercise of this legal right actually safeguards the interests of copyright holders
On the Relationship between Filter Spaces and Equilogical Spaces
No full textIt was already known that the category of T 0 topological spaces is not itself cartesian closed, but can be embedded into the cartesian closed categories FIL of filter spaces and EQU of equilogical spaces where the latter embeds into the cartesian closed category ASSM of assemblies over algebraic lattices. Here, we first clarify the notion of filter space---there are at least three versions FIL a ' FIL b ' FIL c in the literature. We establish adjunctions between FIL a and ASSM and between FIL c and ASSM, and show that FIL b and FIL c are equivalent to reflective full subcategories of ASSM. The corresponding categories FIL b 0 and FIL c 0 of T 0 spaces are equivalent to full subcategories of EQU. Keywords: Categorical models and logics, domain theory and applications Author's address: Reinhold Heckmann, FB 14 -- Informatik, Universitat des Saarlandes, Postfach 151150, D-66041 Saarbrucken, Germany Phone: +49 681 302 2454 Fax: +49 681 302 3065 e-mail: [email protected]..
Fremdsprachen im Schulunterricht. Mit Technologien Sprachen lernen und lehren
No full textIn diesem Kapitel wird ein exemplarischer Überblick über den Einsatz von Technologien beim Fremdsprachenlernen und -lehren gegeben. Ausgehend vom "Gemeinsamen europäischen Referenzrahmen" wird der Technologieeinsatz bei der Entwicklung und Einübung der dort erwähnten Fertigkeiten erläutert. Die weiteren Abschnitte behandeln Sprachenportfolios, Fort- und Weiterbildungsangebote für Fremdsprachenlehrende sowie aktuelle Praxisprojekte (wie zum Beispiel das Projekt "eTwinning"), die den Einsatz von Technologien im schulischen Fremdsprachenunterricht illustrieren und konkretisieren sollen. (DIPF/Orig.
Multi-temporal analysis of morphological changes in an Alpine proglacial area and their effect on sediment transfer
No full textProglacial areas in high-mountain environments are among the most dynamic landscape zones in terms of morphological, sedimentological, and hydrological changes. In fact, in such areas both glacial and paraglacial dynamics exert a strong control on water fluxes (and thus on bedload transport capacity) and on sediment supply. Because of the rapid changes undergoing in these environments, the understanding of the dynamics of sediment transfer and the prediction of how this will change in future still remain a challenge. In this study, we used four different high-resolution topographic surveys to quantitatively analyse the spatio-temporal patterns of sediment transport that occurred in the proglacial area of the Sulden glacier (South Tirol, Italy). The topographic surveys covered the period 2013–2019 and – by building DEMs of difference (DoDs) – we calculated the volumes of erosion and deposition occurring at the glacier terminus and along its outflow channels. Our results indicate that, within the analysed time-period and for different areas, erosion and deposition generally show similar values, suggesting that the analysed proglacial areas has been acting both as a sediment trap and as a sediment source for the downstream river reaches. In addition, the results indicate a complex morphological dynamics, which have strongly impacted coarse sediment connectivity in the upper catchment. In particular, high temperatures and the recent and rapid glacier melt, have promoted a direct control on the structural connectivity within the proglacial area. Morphological changes have increased or decreased sediment connectivity depending on pre-existing morphological features. In contrast, extreme precipitation events, both in term of rainfall and snowfall, have locally and temporally increased the functional connectivity, sometimes leading to long-term modifications in the proglacial area. Overall, in the analysed time-period sediment transfer has been extremely dynamic, suggesting that sediment in the downstream river channel may have been supplied with irregular pulses associated with the morphological changes taking place in the proglacial area
Identifying the molecular basis for treatment resistance in a subset of myasthenia gravis patients of African ancestory
No full textIncludes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease in which pathogenic antibodies block, target or destroy the acetylcholine receptors of the muscle endplate resulting in failure of neuromuscular transmission and fatigable weakness. We have previously shown that a subpopulation of South African MG patients of African genetic ancestry develop a severe extraocular muscle (EOM) phenotype whilst receiving standard immunosuppressive drug therapies. This phenotype associates with a functional c.-198C>G SNP (C>G SNP) in the regulatory region of decay accelerating factor (DAF), a complement regulatory protein, which is essential for protection against complementmediated damage. MG patients are treated with prednisone as the first-line immunosuppressant and frequently, an additional steroid-sparing agent, such as azathioprine, cyclosporin A or methotrexate. We hypothesised that MG patients with the C>G SNP when treated with immunosuppressant drugs, may have lower DAF protein levels contributing to increased susceptibility to autologous complement-mediated damage at their EOMs. This study tests this by comparing the effect of prednisone, azathioprine, cyclosporine and methotrexate individually and prednisone in combination with each of these steroid-sparing agents on wild-type and C>G DAF protein (western blotting) and mRNA (quantitative real time PCR) levels and promoter activity (luciferase reporter assays). These experiments were performed in EBV transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines from control individuals with wild-type DAF and MG patients carrying the C>G SNP. As a more representative model for this study the experiments were repeated in mouse skeletal muscle cells because there was no available EOM cell line. In support of the hypothesis of this study, prednisone, cyclosporin A and azathioprine individually was shown to repress C>G DAF protein levels while having either no effect on wild-type DAF or slightly activating it. Importantly, methotrexate was the only drug that was able to increase C>G DAF lymphoblast protein expression and therefore holds promise as a potentially effective treatment for MG patients with the C>G SNP. Moreover, using a calcein assay, clinically relevant doses of prednisone in combination with MG patient sera was shown to significantly increase the susceptibility of C>G DAF lymphoblasts to cell lysis (82% C>G DAF lymphoblasts vs. 9% wild-type DAF lymphoblasts). These results suggest that MG patient sera contain factor(s) that together with prednisone may also be responsible for the susceptibility of the EOMs in these patients to injury. The results show that the levels of DAF protein and mRNA did not always match which suggests that the drugs tested may regulate the DAF protein at a posttranscriptional level. In a mouse skeletal muscle model, Daf (equivalent to human wild-type DAF) protein expression was consistently repressed by prednisone treatment but activated by cyclosporine A, azathioprine and methotrexate. Furthermore, co-treatment of prednisone with either of the steroid-sparing drugs showed that azathioprine, and low doses of cyclosporin A and methotrexate were able to overcome the repressive effect of prednisone-only treatment on Daf expression. These observations indicate that the regulation of Daf may be species and/or cell-type specific. Together the results from this thesis suggest that in EOMs, where DAF is already downregulated, compared to other muscles, our MG patients with the C>G SNP may have an increased susceptibility to complement-mediated damage when treated with prednisone, which further represses C>G DAF expression
Enantio-Complementary Synthesis of 2-Substituted Pyrrolidines and Piperidines via Transaminase-Triggered Cyclizations
No full textChiral N-heterocycles are a common motif in many active pharmaceutical ingredients; however, their synthesis often relies on the use of heavy metals. In recent years, several biocatalytic approaches have emerged to reach enantiopurity. Here, we describe the asymmetric synthesis of 2-substituted pyrrolidines and piperidines, starting from commercially available ω-chloroketones by using transaminases, which has not yet been comprehensively studied. Analytical yields of up to 90% and enantiomeric excesses of up to >99.5% for each enantiomer were achieved, which has not previously been shown for bulky substituents. This biocatalytic approach was applied to synthesize (R)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)pyrrolidine on a 300 mg scale, affording 84% isolated yield, with >99.5% ee.</p
Neuropsychiatric symptoms in thymoma-associated and non-thymoma myasthenia gravis
No full textIncludes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acetylcholine receptor antibody- mediated disease targeting the neuromuscular junction resulting in fatigable muscle weakness. A number of reports have suggested a high prevalence of psychiatric symptoms amongst MG patients. Approximately 10% of MG subjects are found to have an associated thymoma and despite thymomectomy, the MG persists. The presence of thymoma may lead to other antibody-mediated neuropsychiatric manifestations including limbic encephalitis. We hypothesized that the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms may be higher in MG subjects with thymoma-associated MG when compared with those who have non-thymoma MG. This study aims to compare the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in a South African population of non-thymoma MG and thymoma-associated MG
Speling it rite eevn aftr the test : what students can tell us
No full textThis paper describes a teacher inservice designed to aid teachers in implementing a developmental spelling program in an elementary setting. Developmentally appropriate instruction in spelling takes into account a student\u27s existing knowledge of words. Such a program consists of understanding each student\u27s level of knowledge, selecting word lists to meet the students\u27 needs; providing explicit instruction about spelling patterns, and continually assessing students\u27 spelling progress through authentic, written work
The questions this project will address include: (a) Why should a developmental spelling program be implemented, (b) what research supports a developmental approach to spelling instruction, (c) what are the potential benefits for students, and (d) how can a developmental spelling program be implemented and evaluated in the classroom?
The inservice described in this paper includes three two-hour work sessions. The purpose of these inservice sessions is to introduce elementary teachers to developmental spelling theory, instruction, and assessment. The inservice will include experiences in assessing students\u27 developmental spelling stages, selecting words based on students\u27 abilities, and using a variety of student practice options in learning new words. Finally, teachers will reflect on the progress made by their own students as a developmental spelling approach is implemented and study groups continue collaborative learning after the inservice is completed
Does selection pay off? : A cost-benefit comparison of medical school selection and lottery systems
No full textAcknowledgements The authors would like to thank Marielle Heckmann, Educational Institute, and Raymond Bastin, department of Finance, both at Maastricht University (Maastricht, Limburg, the Netherlands), for their help in relation to the financial data.Peer reviewe
What Explains the German Labor Market Miracle in the Great Recession?
No full textGermany experienced an even deeper fall in GDP in the Great Recession than the United States with little employment loss. Employers’ reticence to hire in the preceding expansion - associated in part with a lack of confidence it would last - contributed to an employment shortfall equivalent to 40 percent of the missing employment decline in the recession. Another 20 percent may be explained by wage moderation. A third important element was the widespread adoption of working time accounts, which permit employers to avoid overtime pay if hours per worker average to standard hours over a window. We find that this provided disincentives for employers to lay off workers in the downturn. While the overall cuts in hours per worker were consistent with the severity of the Great Recession, reduction of working time account balances substituted for traditional government-sponsored short time work.unemployment, Germany, Great Recession, short time work, working time accounts, Hartz reforms, extensive vs. intensive employment margin
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